Sustainable Analytical Techniques for Pistachio Authentication and Safety Assurance

Pistachios are globally significant due to their nutritional value and economic importance, making the assurance of their quality and safety a critical priority. This research addresses two major challenges in the pistachio industry: geographic authentication and the detection of aflatoxin contamination, both of which have serious implications for consumer health and market stability.

To combat food fraud and verify geographic origin, this study employs advanced volatile organic compound (VOC) profiling techniques using solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCGC-MS). These methods, integrated with chemometric data analysis, allow for the comprehensive characterization of pistachios’ volatile fingerprints. The findings demonstrate the potential of VOC profiling to classify pistachios based on geographic origin, thereby enhancing transparency in the supply chain and protecting consumers from fraudulent practices.
On the safety front, the study focuses on improving the detection of aflatoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus fungi that pose significant health risks and are subject to strict regulatory limits. Novel, eco-friendly extraction techniques, including the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES), are developed to address the unique challenges of analyzing lipid-rich matrices like pistachios. These methods provide high efficiency in extracting aflatoxins while aligning with green chemistry principles. Subsequent analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) ensures precise quantification and compliance with regulatory standards.

Overall, the research demonstrates significant advancements in both authenticity verification and contamination detection for pistachios. The outcomes emphasize the potential of combining advanced analytical techniques with sustainable practices to address industry challenges effectively.