This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (CC BY 4.0).
All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.
3D Point Cloud; semantic segmentation; procedural modelling; voxel; 3D modelling; cognition systems; Point Cloud Database; feature extraction; PCA; ModelNet10; Nuage de points; segmentation sémantique; modélisation procédurale; modélisation 3D; systèmes cognitifs; Base de données 3D; Extraction d'information
Abstract :
[en] 3D models derived from point clouds are useful in various shapes to optimize the trade-off between precision and geometric complexity. They are defined at different granularity levels according to each indoor situation. In this article, we present an integrated 3D semantic reconstruction framework that leverages segmented point cloud data and domain ontologies. Our approach follows a part-to-whole conception which models a point cloud in parametric elements usable per instance and aggregated to obtain a global 3D model. We first extract analytic features, object relationships and contextual information to permit better object characterization. Then, we propose a multi-representation modelling mechanism augmented by automatic recognition and fitting from the 3D library ModelNet10 to provide the best candidates for several 3D scans of furniture. Finally, we combine every element to obtain a consistent indoor hybrid 3D model. The method allows a wide range of applications from interior navigation to virtual stores.
Gordon, S.J.; Lichti, D.D.; Stewart, M.P.; Franke, J. Modelling point clouds for precise structural deformation measurement. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2004, 35, B5
Bosche, F.; Haas, C.T.; Akinci, B. Automated Recognition of 3D CAD Objects in Site Laser Scans for Project 3D Status Visualization and Performance Control. J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 2009, 23, 311-318
Bueno, M.; Bosché, F.; González-Jorge, H.; Martínez-Sánchez, J.; Arias, P. 4-Plane congruent sets for automatic registration of as-is 3D point clouds with 3D BIM models. Autom. Constr. 2018, 89, 120-134
Labsch, M.; Kr, K.; Grash, F.; Kohl, S. Content Creation for a 3D Game with Maya and Unity 3D. In Proceedings of the 15th Central European Seminar on Computer Graphics, Viničn, Slovakia, 2-4 May 2011
Braun, E. System and Method for Cross-Platform and Cross-Game Virtual Asset Creation and Management. U.S. Patent 13/430, 518, 27 September 2012
Dietenbeck, T.; Torkhani, F.; Othmani, A.; Attene, M.; Favreau, J.-M.M. Multi-layer ontologies for integrated 3D shape segmentation and annotation. In Studies in Computational Intelligence; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; Volume 665, pp. 181-206
Cao, Y.; Lu, F. Three-Dimensional Modeling for Buildings Evacuation Management. Bachelor's Thesis, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden, 2012
Hinks, T.; Laefer, D.F.; Carr, H. Viability Considerations for the Application of Aerial LiDAR for Infrastructure Documentation and Monitoring. In Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 87th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA, 13-17 January 2008
Adjiski, V.; Mirakovski, D.; Despodov, Z.; Mijalkovski, S. Simulation and optimization of evacuation routes in case of fire in underground mines. J. Sustain. Min. 2015, 14, 133-143
Lee, J.; Zlatanova, S. A 3D data model and topological analyses for emergency response in urban areas. In Geospatial Information Technology for Emergency Response; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2008; pp. 143-167
Pu, S.; Zlatanova, S. Evacuation route calculation of inner buildings. In Geo-Information for Disaster Management; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2005; pp. 1143-1161. ISBN 3540249885
Daniel, S.; Harrap, R.; Power, M. Getting Into Position: Serious Gaming in Geomatics. In World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education; Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education: Waynesville, NC, USA, 2009; Volume 2009, pp. 213-219
Conconi, A.; Ganchev, T.; Kocsis, O.; Papadopoulos, G.; Fernández-Aranda, F.; Jiménez-Murcia, S. PlayMancer: A serious gaming 3D environment. In Proceedings of the IEEE 4th International Conference on Automated Solutions for Cross Media Content and Multi-Channel Distribution, Axmedis 2008, Florence, Italy, 17-19 November 2008; pp. 111-117
Escarieu, F.; Pousset, Y.; Aveneau, L.; Vauzelle, R. Outdoor and indoor channel characterization by a 3D simulation software. In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC 2001 (Cat. No. 01TH8598), San Diego, CA, USA, 3 October-30 September 2001; Volume 1, pp. 105-111
Cichon, D.J.; Zwick, T.; Lahteenmaki, J. Ray optical indoor modeling in multi-floored buildings: Simulations and measurements. In Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (AP-S. Digest), Newport Beach, CA, USA, 18-23 June 1995; Volume 1, pp. 522-525
Korkalainen, M.; Sallinen, M.; Kärkkäinen, N.; Tukeva, P. Survey of wireless sensor networks simulation tools for demanding applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE 5th International Conference on Networking and Services, ICNS 2009, Valencia, Spain, 20-25 April 2009; pp. 102-106
Lauer, A.; Bahr, A.; Wolff, I. FDTD simulations of indoor propagation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Stockholm, Sweden, 8-10 June 1994; pp. 883-886
Kolbe, T.H.; Gröger, G.; Plümer, L. CityGML: Interoperable access to 3D city models. In Geo-Information for Disaster Management; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2005; pp. 883-899. ISBN 3540249885
Xiao, J.; Furukawa, Y. Reconstructing theWorld's Museums. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 2014, 110, 243-258
Zhou, C.; Liu, X.; Xue, F.; Bo, H.; Li, K. Research on static service BOM transformation for complex products. Adv. Eng. Inform. 2018, 36, 146-162
Chen, C.; Zou, X.; Tian, M.; Li, J.;Wu, W.; Song, Y.; Dai, W.; Yang, B. Low cost multi-sensor robot laser scanning system and its accuracy investigations for indoor mapping application. ISPRS-Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2017, 42, 83-85
Liu, R.; Asari, V.K. 3D indoor scene reconstruction and change detection for robotic sensing and navigation. In Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering; Agaian, S.S., Jassim, S.A., Eds.; International Society for Optics and Photonics: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2017; Volume 10221, p. 102210D
Prieto, S.A.; Quintana, B.; Adán, A.; Vázquez, A.S. As-is building-structure reconstruction from a probabilistic next best scan approach. Robot. Auton. Syst. 2017, 94, 186-207
Shen, S.; Michael, N.; Kumar, V. Autonomous Indoor 3D Exploration with a Micro-Aerial Vehicle. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Saint Paul, MN, USA, 14-18 May 2012; pp. 1-7
Zhu, Y.; Mottaghi, R.; Kolve, E.; Lim, J.J.; Gupta, A.; Fei-Fei, L.; Farhadi, A. Target-driven Visual Navigation in Indoor Scenes using Deep Reinforcement Learning. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Singapore, 29 May-3 June 2016; pp. 3357-3364
Chow, J.C.K.; Peter, M.; Scaioni, M.; Al-durgham, M. Indoor Tracking, Mapping, and Navigation: Algorithms, Technologies, and Applications. J. Sens. 2018, 2018, 3-6
Balado, J.; Díaz-Vilariño, L.; Arias, P.; Garrido, I. Point clouds to indoor/outdoor accessibility diagnosis. ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2017, 4, 287-293
Hayes-Roth, F.; Waterman Donald, A.; Lenat Douglas, B. Building Expert System; Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.: Boston, MA, USA, 1983
Poux, F.; Billen, R. A Smart Point Cloud Infrastructure for intelligent environments. In International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Book Series; Lindenbergh, R., Belen, R., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, in press
Lehtola, V.; Kaartinen, H.; Nüchter, A.; Kaijaluoto, R.; Kukko, A.; Litkey, P.; Honkavaara, E.; Rosnell, T.; Vaaja, M.; Virtanen, J.-P.; et al. Comparison of the Selected State-Of-The-Art 3D Indoor Scanning and Point Cloud Generation Methods. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 796
Poux, F.; Neuville, R.; Hallot, P.; Billen, R. Model for reasoning from semantically rich point cloud data. ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2017, 4, 107-115
Poux, F.; Hallot, P.; Neuville, R.; Billen, R. Smart point cloud: Definition and remaining challenges. ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2016, 4, 119-127
Poux, F.; Neuville, R.; Van Wersch, L.; Nys, G.-A.; Billen, R.; Van Wersch, L.; Nys, G.-A.; Billen, R. 3D Point Clouds in Archaeology: Advances in Acquisition, Processing and Knowledge Integration Applied to Quasi-Planar Objects. Geosciences 2017, 7, 96
van Oosterom, P.; Martinez-Rubi, O.; Ivanova, M.; Horhammer, M.; Geringer, D.; Ravada, S.; Tijssen, T.; Kodde, M.; Gonçalves, R. Massive point cloud data management: Design, implementation and execution of a point cloud benchmark. Comput. Graph. 2015, 49, 92-125
Wu, Z.; Song, S.; Khosla, A.; Yu, F.; Zhang, L.; Tang, X.; Xiao, J. 3D ShapeNets: A deep representation for volumetric shapes. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Boston, MA, USA, 7-12 June 2015; pp. 1912-1920
Fathi, H.; Dai, F.; Lourakis, M. Automated as-built 3D reconstruction of civil infrastructure using computer vision: Achievements, opportunities, and challenges. Adv. Eng. Inform. 2015, 29, 149-161
Zhang, D.; Lu, G. Review of shape representation and description techniques. Pattern Recognit. 2004, 37, 1-19
Tang, P.; Huber, D.; Akinci, B.; Lipman, R.; Lytle, A. Automatic reconstruction of as-built building information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques. Autom. Constr. 2010, 19, 829-843
Remondino, F. From point cloud to surface: The modeling and visualization problem. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2003, 34, 24-28
Cazals, F.; Giesen, J. Delaunay Triangulation Based Surface Reconstruction: Ideas and Algorithms. INRIA Rapp. Rech. 2004, 1, 1-45
Bommes, D.; Bruno, L.; Pietroni, N.; Levy, B.; Pietroni, N.; Puppo, E.; Silva, C.; Tarini, M.; Zorin, D. State of the Art in Quad Meshing. Eurogr. STARS 2012, 20, 1-24
Valero, E.; Adán, A.; Cerrada, C. Automatic Method for Building Indoor Boundary Models from Dense Point Clouds Collected by Laser Scanners. Sensors 2012, 12, 16099-16115
Berger, M.; Tagliasacchi, A.; Seversky, L.; Alliez, P.; Levine, J.; Sharf, A.; Silva, C. State of the Art in Surface Reconstruction from Point Clouds. Eurogr. Star Rep. 2014, 1, 161-185
Berger, M.; Tagliasacchi, A.; Seversky, L.M.; Alliez, P.; Guennebaud, G.; Levine, J.A.; Sharf, A.; Silva, C.T. A Survey of Surface Reconstruction from Point Clouds. Comput. Graph. Forum 2017, 36, 301-329
Canny, J. The Complexity of RobotMotion Planning;MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1987; ISBN9780262031363
Campbell, R.J.; Flynn, P.J. A survey of free-form object representation and recognition techniques. Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 2001, 81, 166-210
Kim, Y.M.; Mitra, N.; Yang, D.-M.; Guibas, L. Acquiring 3D indoor environments with variability and repetition. ACM Trans. Graph. 2012, 31, 138
Budroni, A.; Boehm, J. Toward automatic reconstruction of interiors from laser data. In Proceedings of the Virtual Reconstruction and Visualization of Complex Architectures (3D-ARCH), Trento, Italy, 25-28 February 2009
Patraucean, V.; Armeni, I.; Nahangi, M.; Yeung, J.; Haas, C. State of research in automatic as-built modelling. Adv. Eng. Inform. 2015, 29, 162-171
Lee, J.; Son, H.; Kim, C.; Kim, C. Skeleton-based 3D reconstruction of as-built pipelines from laser-scan data. Autom. Constr. 2013, 35, 199-207
Fayolle, P.A.; Pasko, A. An evolutionary approach to the extraction of object construction trees from 3D point clouds. Comput. Aided Des. 2016, 74, 1-17
Adan, A.; Huber, D. 3D reconstruction of interior wall surfaces under occlusion and clutter. In Proceedings of the IEEE 2011 International Conference on 3D Imaging, Modeling, Processing, Visualization and Transmission, 3DIMPVT 2011, Hangzhou, China, 16-19 May 2011; pp. 275-281
Stamos, I.; Yu, G.; Wolberg, G.; Zokai, S. 3D modeling using planar segments and mesh elements. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission, 3DPVT 2006, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 14-16 June 2006; pp. 599-606
Lafarge, F.; Keriven, R.; Brédif, M. Insertion of 3-D-primitives in mesh-based representations: Towards compact models preserving the details. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 2010, 19, 1683-1694
Lafarge, F.; Mallet, C. Creating large-scale city models from 3D-point clouds: A robust approach with hybrid representation. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 2012, 99, 69-85
De Luca, L.; Veron, P.; Florenzano, M. Reverse engineering of architectural buildings based on a hybrid modeling approach. Comput. Graph. 2006, 30, 160-176
Pu, S.; Vosselman, G. Knowledge based reconstruction of building models from terrestrial laser scanning data. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2009, 64, 575-584
Schnabel, R.; Wahl, R.; Klein, R. Efficient RANSAC for Point Cloud Shape Detection. Comput. Graph. Forum 2007, 26, 214-226
Schnabel, R.; Wessel, R.; Wahl, R.; Klein, R. Shape recognition in 3d point-clouds. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision, Bory, Czech Republic, 4-7 February 2008; Volume 8
Poux, F.; Neuville, R.; Billen, R. Point cloud classification of tesserae from terrestrial laser data combined with dense image matching for archaeological information extraction. ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2017, 4, 203-211
Nurunnabi, A.; Belton, D.; West, G. Robust Segmentation in Laser Scanning 3D Point Cloud Data. In Proceedings of the IEEE 2012 International Conference on Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications, Fremantle, Australia, 3-5 December 2012; pp. 1-8
Fischler, M.A.; Bolles, R.C. Random sample consensus: A paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography. Commun. ACM 1981, 24, 381-395
Sanchez, V.; Zakhor, A. Planar 3D modeling of building interiors from point cloud data. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP, Orlando, FL, USA, 30 September-3 October 2012; pp. 1777-1780
Nurunnabi, A.; Belton, D.; West, G. Robust segmentation for large volumes of laser scanning three-dimensional point cloud data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2016, 54, 4790-4805
Bosché, F. Plane-based registration of construction laser scans with 3D/4D building models. Adv. Eng. Inform. 2012, 26, 90-102
Ni, H.; Lin, X.; Ning, X.; Zhang, J. Edge Detection and Feature Line Tracing in 3D-Point Clouds by Analyzing Geometric Properties of Neighborhoods. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 710
Budroni, A.; Boehm, J. Automated 3D Reconstruction of Interiors from Point Clouds. Int. J. Archit. Comput. 2010, 8, 55-74
Macher, H.; Landes, T.; Grussenmeyer, P. From point clouds to building information models: 3D semi-automatic reconstruction of indoors of existing buildings. Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 1030
Ochmann, S.; Vock, R.;Wessel, R.; Klein, R. Automatic reconstruction of parametric building models from indoor point clouds. Comput. Graph. 2016, 54, 94-103
Jung, J.; Hong, S.; Jeong, S.; Kim, S.; Cho, H.; Hong, S.; Heo, J. Productive modeling for development of as-built BIM of existing indoor structures. Autom. Constr. 2014, 42, 68-77
Okorn, B.; Xiong, X.; Akinci, B.; Huber, D. Toward automated modeling of floor plans. In Proceedings of the Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission (3DPVT 10), Paris, France, 17-20 May 2010; Volume 2
Brédif, M.; Vallet, B.; Ferrand, B. Distributed Dimensonality-Based Rendering of LIDAR Point Clouds. In The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences; Copernicus GmbH: La Grande Motte, France, 2015; Volume 40, p. 559
Nurunnabi, A.; Sadahiro, Y.; Lindenbergh, R. Robust cylinder fitting in three-dimensional point cloud data. Sciences 2017, 42, 63-70
Kim, C.; Son, H.; Kim, C. Fully automated registration of 3D data to a 3D CAD model for project progress monitoring. Autom. Constr. 2013, 35, 587-594
Wang, J.; Lindenbergh, R.; Menenti, M. SigVox-A 3D feature matching algorithm for automatic street object recognition in mobile laser scanning point clouds. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2017, 128, 111-129
Liu, Y.-S.; Ramani, K. Robust principal axes determination for point-based shapes using least median of squares. Comput. Aided Des. 2009, 41, 293-305
Ortiz, P.; Sánchez, H.; Pires, H.; Pérez, J.A. Experiences about fusioning 3D digitalization techniques for cultural heritage documentation. In Proceedings of the ISPRS Commision V Symposium, Image Engineering and Vision Metrology, Dresden, Germany, 25-27 September 2006
Nurunnabi, A.; Belton, D.; West, G. Diagnostic-robust statistical analysis for local surface fitting in 3D point cloud data. ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2012, I-3, 269-274
Mura, C.; Mattausch, O.; Jaspe Villanueva, A.; Gobbetti, E.; Pajarola, R. Automatic room detection and reconstruction in cluttered indoor environments with complex room layouts. Comput. Graph. 2014, 44, 20-32
Arbeiter, G.; Fuchs, S.; Bormann, R.; Fischer, J.; Verl, A. Evaluation of 3D feature descriptors for classification of surface geometries in point clouds. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vilamoura, Portugal, 7-12 October 2012; pp. 1644-1650
Xu, Y.; Tuttas, S.; Hoegner, L.; Stilla, U. Reconstruction of scaffolds from a photogrammetric point cloud of construction sites using a novel 3D local feature descriptor. Autom. Constr. 2018, 85, 76-95
Osada, R.; Funkhouser, T.; Chazelle, B.; Dobkin, D. Matching 3D models with shape distributions. In Proceedings of the SMI 2001 International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications, Genova, Italy, 7-11 May 2001; IEEE Computer Society: Washington, DC, USA, 2001; pp. 154-166
Mitra, N.J.; Pauly, M.; Wand, M.; Ceylan, D. Symmetry in 3D geometry: Extraction and applications. In Computer Graphics Forum; Wiley/Blackwell: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2013; Volume 32, pp. 1-23
Ikehata, S.; Yang, H.; Furukawa, Y.S. Structured indoor modeling supplementary material. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Santiago, Chile, 7-13 December 2015; pp. 1323-1331
Martinet, A.; Soler, C.; Holzschuch, N.; Sillion, F.X. Accurate detection of symmetries in 3D shapes. ACM Trans. Graph. 2006, 25, 439-464
Kovács, I.; Várady, T.; Salvi, P. Applying geometric constraints for perfecting CAD models in reverse engineering. Graph. Models 2015, 82, 44-57
Kazhdan, M.; Funkhouser, T.; Rusinkiewicz, S. Symmetry descriptors and 3D shape matching. In Proceedings of the 2004 Eurographics/ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Geometry Processing-SGP '04, Nice, France, 8-10 July 2004; p. 115
Lafarge, F.; Descombes, X.; Zerubia, J.; Pierrot-Deseilligny, M. Structural approach for building reconstruction from a single DSM. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 2010, 32, 135-147
Nan, L.; Xie, K.; Sharf, A. A search-classify approach for cluttered indoor scene understanding. ACM Trans. Graph. 2012, 31, 137
Bosché, F. Automated recognition of 3D CAD model objects in laser scans and calculation of as-built dimensions for dimensional compliance control in construction. Adv. Eng. Inform. 2010, 24, 107-118
Besl, P.J.; McKay, N.D. A Method for Registration of 3-D Shapes. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 1992, 14, 239-256
Gruen, A.; Akca, D. Least squares 3D surface and curve matching. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2005, 59, 151-174
Rabbani, T.; Dijkman, S.; van den Heuvel, F.; Vosselman, G. An integrated approach for modelling and global registration of point clouds. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2007, 61, 355-370
Boykov, Y.; Kolmogorov, V. An experimental comparison of min-cut/max-flow algorithms for energy minimization in vision. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 2004, 26, 1124-1137
Xu, K.; Zheng, H.; Zhang, H.; Cohen-Or, D.; Liu, L.; Xiong, Y. Photo-inspired model-driven 3D object modeling. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH 2011 Papers (SIGGRAPH '11), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 7-11 August 2011; p. 1
Zlatanova, S.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.; Lee, J.; Li, K.-J.; Lemmen, C.H.J. LADM and INDOORGML for support of indoor space identification. ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2016, 4, 257-263
Lee, J.; Li, K.-J.; Zlatanova, S.; Kolbe, T.H.; Nagel, C.; Becker, T. OGC®indoorgml; Open Geospatial Consortium: Wayland, MA, USA, 2014
Vanlande, R.; Nicolle, C.; Cruz, C. IFC and building lifecycle management. Autom. Constr. 2008, 18, 70-78
Bhojraj, S.; Lee, C.M.C.; Oler, D.K. What's My Line? A Comparison of Industry Classification Schemes for Capital Market Research. J. Account. Res. 2003, 41, 745-774
Quintana, B.; Prieto, S.A.; Adán, A.; Vázquez, A.S. Semantic scan planning for indoor structural elements of buildings. Adv. Eng. Inform. 2016, 30, 643-659
Xiong, X.; Adan, A.; Akinci, B.; Huber, D. Automatic creation of semantically rich 3D building models from laser scanner data. Autom. Constr. 2013, 31, 325-337
Xiong, X.; Huber, D. Using Context to Create Semantic 3D Models of Indoor Environments. In British Machine Vision Conference; BMVA Press: Durham, UK, 2010; pp. 1-11
Son, H.; Kim, C. Semantic as-built 3D modeling of structural elements of buildings based on local concavity and convexity. Adv. Eng. Inform. 2017, 34, 114-124
Xu, M.; Petrou, M. 3D Scene interpretation by combining probability theory and logic: The tower of knowledge. Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 2011, 115, 1581-1596
Sainz, M.; Pajarola, R. Point-based rendering techniques. Comput. Graph. 2004, 28, 869-879
Bui, G.; Le, T.; Morago, B.; Duan, Y. Point-based rendering enhancement via deep learning. Vis. Comput. 2018, 34, 829-841
Kobbelt, L.; Botsch, M. A survey of point-based techniques in computer graphics. Comput. Graph. 2004, 28, 801-814
Armeni, I.; Sener, O.; Zamir, A.R.; Jiang, H.; Brilakis, I.; Fischer, M.; Savarese, S. 3D Semantic Parsing of Large-Scale Indoor Spaces. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 27-30 June 2016
Rusu, R.B.; Cousins, S. 3D is here: Point cloud library (PCL). In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotic and Automation, Shanghai, China, 9-13 May 2011; pp. 1-4
Clementini, E.; Di Felice, P.; van Oosterom, P. A small set of formal topological relationships suitable for end-user interaction. In Advances in Spatial Databases; Abel, D., Chin Ooi, B., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1993; pp. 277-295. ISBN 978-3-540-47765-5
Sutton, M.; Stark, L.; Bowyer, K. Function from visual analysis and physical interaction: A methodology for recognition of generic classes of objects. Image Vis. Comput. 1998, 16, 745-763
Kazhdan, M.; Bolitho, M.; Hoppe, H. Poisson surface reconstruction. In Proceedings of the Eurographics Symposium on Geometry Processing, Sardinia, Italy, 26-28 June 2006; pp. 1-10
Bernardini, F.; Mittleman, J.; Rushmeier, H.; Silva, C.; Taubin, G. The ball-pivoting algorithm for surface reconstruction. Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 1999, 5, 349-359
Lorensen, W.E.; Cline, H.E.; Lorensen, W.E.; Cline, H.E. Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH '87), Anaheim, CA, USA, 27-31 July 1987; ACM Press: New York, NY, USA, 1987; Volume 21, pp. 163-169
Sirin, E.; Parsia, B.; Grau, B.C.; Kalyanpur, A.; Katz, Y. Pellet: A practical OWL-DL reasoner. Web Semant. Sci. Serv. Agents World Wide Web 2007, 5, 51-53
Glimm, B.; Horrocks, I.; Motik, B.; Stoilos, G.; Wang, Z. HermiT: An OWL 2 Reasoner. J. Autom. Reason. 2014, 53, 245-269