Hyperspectral imaging; Raman; Near Infrared; Infrared; Chemometrics; Pharmaceuticals
Abstract :
[en] Vibrational spectroscopy (MIR, NIR and Raman) based hyperspectral imaging is one of the most powerful tools analyze pharmaceutical preparation. Indeed, it combines the advantages of vibrational spectroscopy to imaging techniques and allows therefore the visualization of distribution of compounds, crystallization processes. However, these techniques provide a huge amount of data that must be processed to extract the relevant information.
This review presents fundamental concepts of hyperspectral imaging, the basic theory of the most used chemometric tools used to pre-process, process and post-process the generated data. The last part of the present paper focuses on pharmaceutical applications of hyperspectral imaging and highlights the data processing approaches to enable the reader making the best choice among the different tools available.
Research center :
Centre Interfacultaire de Recherche du Médicament - CIRM
Disciplines :
Pharmacy, pharmacology & toxicology
Author, co-author :
Sacre, Pierre-Yves ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de pharmacie > Chimie analytique
De Bleye, Charlotte ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de pharmacie > Chimie analytique
Chavez, Pierre-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de pharmacie > Chimie analytique
Netchacovitch, Lauranne ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de pharmacie > Chimie analytique
Hubert, Philippe ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de pharmacie > Chimie analytique
Ziemons, Eric ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de pharmacie > Département de pharmacie
Language :
English
Title :
Data processing of vibrational chemical imaging for pharmaceutical applications.
Publication date :
October 2014
Journal title :
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
ISSN :
0731-7085
eISSN :
1873-264X
Publisher :
Elsevier Science, Oxford, United Kingdom
Volume :
101
Pages :
123-140
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Funders :
Région wallonne : Direction générale opérationnelle de l'Economie, de l'Emploi et de la Recherche (DGO 6)
Aaltonen J., Gordon K.C., Strachan C.J., Rades T. Perspectives in the use of spectroscopy to characterise pharmaceutical solids. Int. J. Pharm. 2008, 364:159-169.
Heinz A., Strachan C.J., Gordon K.C., Rades T. Analysis of solid-state transformations of pharmaceutical compounds using vibrational spectroscopy. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2009, 61:971-988.
Rajalahti T., Kvalheim O.M. Multivariate data analysis in pharmaceutics: a tutorial review. Int. J. Pharm. 2011, 417:280-290.
Wartewig S., Neubert R.H. Pharmaceutical applications of mid-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2005, 57:1144-1170.
Gendrin C., Roggo Y., Collet C. Pharmaceutical applications of vibrational chemical imaging and chemometrics: a review. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2008, 48:533-553.
Chalmers J.M., Griffiths P. Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy 2001, John Wiley & Sons, London.
Sasic S., Ozaki Y. Raman, Infrared and Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging 2010, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
Gowen A.A., O'Donnell C.P., Cullen P.J., Bell S.E. Recent applications of chemical imaging to pharmaceutical process monitoring and quality control. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2008, 69:10-22.
Amigo J.M. Practical issues of hyperspectral imaging analysis of solid dosage forms. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 398:93-109.
Šašić S. Chemical imaging of pharmaceutical granules by Raman global illumination and near-infrared mapping platforms. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 611:73-79.
Cruz J., Blanco M. Content uniformity studies in tablets by NIR-CI. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2011, 56:408-412.
Chan K.L.A., Kazarian S.G. New opportunities in micro- and macro-attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopic imaging: spatial resolution and sampling versatility. Appl. Spectrosc. 2003, 57:381-389.
Griffiths P. Infrared and Raman instrumentation for mapping and imaging. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging 2009, 510. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. R. Salzer, H.W. Siesler (Eds.).
Offroy M., Roggo Y., Duponchel L. Increasing the spatial resolution of near infrared chemical images (NIR-CI): the super-resolution paradigm applied to pharmaceutical products. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2012, 117:183-188.
Offroy M., Roggo Y., Milanfar P., Duponchel L. Infrared chemical imaging: spatial resolution evaluation and super-resolution concept. Anal. Chim. Acta 2010, 674:220-226.
Piqueras S., Duponchel L., Offroy M., Jamme F., Tauler R., de Juan A. Chemometric strategies to unmix information and increase the spatial description of hyperspectral images: a single-cell case study. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85:6303-6311.
Adar F., Lee E., Mamedov S., Whitley A. Raman Imaging Defining the Spatial Resolution of the Technology, Spectroscopy Supplement: Raman 2006, 38-43.
Gordon K.C., McGoverin C.M. Raman mapping of pharmaceuticals. Int. J. Pharm. 2011, 417:151-162.
Tabaksblat R., Meier R.J., Kip B.J. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy: theory and application to thin polymer samples. Appl. Spectrosc. 1992, 46:60-68.
Wilhelm P., Chernev B. Microscale chemical imaging using vibrational spectroscopy methods. Microscopy: Science, Technology, Applications and Education 2010, 2062-2071. Formatex, Badajoz. A. Méndez-Vilas, J. Díaz (Eds.).
Burger J., Geladi P. Hyperspectral NIR image regression part I: calibration and correction. J. Chemom. 2005, 19:355-363.
Burger J., Geladi P. Hyperspectral NIR image regression part II: dataset preprocessing diagnostics. J. Chemom. 2006, 20:106-119.
Vidal M., Amigo J.M. Pre-processing of hyperspectral images. Essential steps before image analysis. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2012, 117:138-148.
J.M. Amigo, last accessed (09.13). http://www.models.kvl.dk/HYPERTools.
Cappel U.B., Bell I.M., Pickard L.K. Removing cosmic ray features from Raman map data by a refined nearest neighbor comparison method as a precursor for chemometric analysis. Appl. Spectrosc. 2010, 64:195-200.
Zhang L., Henson M.J. A practical algorithm to remove cosmic spikes in Raman imaging data for pharmaceutical applications. Appl. Spectrosc. 2007, 61:1015-1020.
Mozharov S., Nordon A., Littlejohn D., Marquardt B. Automated cosmic spike filter optimized for process Raman spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 2012, 66:1326-1333.
Sabin G.P., Souza A.M.d., Breitkreitz M.C., Poppi R.J. Desenvolvimento de um algoritmo para identificação e correção de spikes em espectroscopia Raman de imagem. Quim. Nova 2012, 35:612-615.
Savitzky A., Golay M.J.E., Smoothing Differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures. Anal. Chem. 1964, 36:1627-1639.
Chen D., Chen Z., Grant E. Adaptive wavelet transform suppresses background and noise for quantitative analysis by Raman spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 400:625-634.
Rao R.M., Slamani M.-A., Chyba T.H., Emge D.K. Wavelet-based denoising and baseline correction for enhancing chemical detection. Proc. SPIE 2010, 7698:769808.
Silveira L., Bodanese B., Zângaro R.A., Pacheco M.T.T. Discrete wavelet transform for denoising Raman spectra of human skin tissues used in a discriminant diagnostic algorithm. Instrum. Sci. Technol. 2010, 38:268-282.
Fearn T., Riccioli C., Garrido-Varo A., Guerrero-Ginel J.E. On the geometry of SNV and MSC. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2009, 96:22-26.
Geladi P., MacDougall D., Martens H., Linearization Scatter-correction for near-infrared reflectance spectra of meat. Appl. Spectrosc. 1985, 39:491-500.
Eilers P.H.C. Parametric time warping. Anal. Chem. 2003, 76:404-411.
de Rooi J.J., Eilers P.H.C. Mixture models for baseline estimation. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2012, 117:56-60.
Data Handling in Science and Technology 1998, 519-556. Chapter 17 Principal components:, Elsevier. D.L. Massart, B.G.M. Vandeginste, L.M.C. Buydens, S. De Jong, P.J. Lewi, J. Smeyers-Verbeke (Eds.).
Boiret M., Rutledge D.N., Gorretta N., Ginot Y.-M., Roger J.-M. Application of independent component analysis on Raman images of a pharmaceutical drug product: pure spectra determination and spatial distribution of constituents. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2014, 90:78-84.
Widjaja E., Li C., Chew W., Garland M. Band-target entropy minimization. A robust algorithm for pure component spectral recovery. application to complex randomized mixtures of six components. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75:4499-4507.
Windig W., Guilment J. Interactive self-modeling mixture analysis. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63:1425-1432.
de Juan A., Tauler R. Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR) from 2000: progress in concepts and applications. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2006, 36:163-176.
Piqueras S., Burger J., Tauler R., de Juan A. Relevant aspects of quantification and sample heterogeneity in hyperspectral image resolution. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2012, 117:169-182.
Vajna B., Farkas A., Pataki H., Zsigmond Z., Igricz T., Marosi G. Testing the performance of pure spectrum resolution from Raman hyperspectral images of differently manufactured pharmaceutical tablets. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 712:45-55.
Vajna B., Patyi G., Nagy Z., Bódis A., Farkas A., Marosi G. Comparison of chemometric methods in the analysis of pharmaceuticals with hyperspectral Raman imaging. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2011, 42:1977-1986.
Goicoechea H.C., Olivieri A.C., Tauler R. Application of the correlation constrained multivariate curve resolution alternating least-squares method for analyte quantitation in the presence of unexpected interferences using first-order instrumental data. Analyst 2010, 135:636-642.
Lyndgaard L.B., van den Berg F., de Juan A. Quantification of paracetamol through tablet blister packages by Raman spectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2013, 125:58-66.
de Juan A., Maeder M., Hancewicz T., Tauler R. Use of local rank-based spatial information for resolution of spectroscopic images. J. Chemom. 2008, 22:291-298.
Amigo J.M., Ravn C. Direct quantification and distribution assessment of major and minor components in pharmaceutical tablets by NIR-chemical imaging. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009, 37:76-82.
de Juan A., Maeder M., Hancewicz T., Duponchel L., Tauler R. Chemometric tools for image analysis. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging 2009, 65-109. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Data Handling in Science and Technology 1998, 349-381. Chapter 36 Multivariate calibration:, Elsevier. B.G.M. Vandeginste, D.L. Massart, L.M.C. Buydens, S. De Jong, P.J. Lewi, J. Smeyers-Verbeke (Eds.).
Data Handling in Science and Technology 1998, 307-347. Chapter 35 Relations between measurement tables:, Elsevier. B.G.M. Vandeginste, D.L. Massart, L.M.C. Buydens, S. De Jong, P.J. Lewi, J. Smeyers-Verbeke (Eds.).
Esbensen K.H., Geladi P. Principles of proper validation: use and abuse of re-sampling for validation. J. Chemom. 2010, 24:168-187.
De Bleye C., Chavez P.F., Mantanus J., Marini R., Hubert P., Rozet E., Ziemons E. Critical review of near-infrared spectroscopic methods validations in pharmaceutical applications. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2012, 69:125-132.
Data Handling in Science and Technology 1998, 57-86. Chapter 30 cluster analysis:, Elsevier. B.G.M. Vandeginste, D.L. Massart, L.M.C. Buydens, S. De Jong, P.J. Lewi, J. Smeyers-Verbeke (Eds.).
Sasic S., Clark D.A., Mitchell J.C., Snowden M.J. A comparison of Raman chemical images produced by univariate and multivariate data processing a simulation with an example from pharmaceutical practice. Analyst 2004, 129:1001-1007.
Zhang L., Henson M.J., Sekulic S.S. Multivariate data analysis for Raman imaging of a model pharmaceutical tablet. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 545:262-278.
Ravn C., Skibsted E., Bro R. Near-infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) on pharmaceutical solid dosage forms-comparing common calibration approaches. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2008, 48:554-561.
Amigo J.M., Ravn C., Gallagher N.B., Bro R. A comparison of a common approach to partial least squares-discriminant analysis and classical least squares in hyperspectral imaging. Int. J. Pharm. 2009, 373:179-182.
Sabin G.P., de Carvalho Rocha W.F., Poppi R.J. Study of the similarity between distribution maps of concentration in near-infrared spectroscopy chemical imaging obtained by different multivariate calibration approaches. Microchem. J. 2011, 99:542-547.
Prats-Montalbán J.M., Jerez-Rozo J.I., Romañach R.J., Ferrer A. MIA and NIR chemical imaging for pharmaceutical product characterization. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2012, 117:240-249.
Duponchel L., Elmi-Rayaleh W., Ruckebusch C., Huvenne J.P. Multivariate curve resolution methods in imaging spectroscopy: influence of extraction methods and instrumental perturbations. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2003, 43:2057-2067.
de Juan A., Tauler R., Dyson R., Marcolli C., Rault M., Maeder M. Spectroscopic imaging and chemometrics: a powerful combination for global and local sample analysis. Trends Anal. Chem. 2004, 23:70-79.
Puchert T., Lochmann D., Menezes J.C., Reich G. Near-infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) for counterfeit drug identification - a four-stage concept with a novel approach of data processing (Linear Image Signature). J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2010, 51:138-145.
Lyon R.C., Lester D.S., Lewis E.N., Lee E., Yu L.X., Jefferson E.H., Hussain A.S. Near-infrared spectral imaging for quality assurance of pharmaceutical products: analysis of tablets to assess powder blend homogeneity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2002, 3:E17.
Rosas J.G., Armenta S., Cruz J., Blanco M. A new approach to determine the homogeneity in hyperspectral imaging considering the particle size. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 787:173-180.
Rosas J.G., Blanco M. A criterion for assessing homogeneity distribution in hyperspectral images. Part 1: homogeneity index bases and blending processes. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2012, 70:680-690.
Rosas J.G., Blanco M. A criterion for assessing homogeneity distribution in hyperspectral images. Part 2: application of homogeneity indices to solid pharmaceutical dosage forms. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2012, 70:691-699.
Sacré P.-Y., Lebrun P., Chavez P.-F., De Bleye C., Netchacovitch L., Rozet E., Klinkenberg R., Streel B., Hubert P., Ziemons E. A new criterion to assess distributional homogeneity in hyperspectral images of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms. Anal. Chim. Acta 2014, 818:7-14.
Franch-Lage F., Amigo J.M., Skibsted E., Maspoch S., Coello J. Fast assessment of the surface distribution of API and excipients in tablets using NIR-hyperspectral imaging. Int. J. Pharm. 2011, 411:27-35.
Awa K., Okumura T., Shinzawa H., Otsuka M., Ozaki Y. Self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR) analysis of near-infrared (NIR) imaging data of pharmaceutical tablets. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 619:81-86.
Ma H., Anderson C.A. Characterization of pharmaceutical powder blends by NIR chemical imaging. J. Pharm. Sci. 2008, 97:3305-3320.
Hilden L.R., Pommier C.J., Badawy S.I., Friedman E.M. NIR chemical imaging to guide/support BMS-561389 tablet formulation development. Int. J. Pharm. 2008, 353:283-290.
Cairos C., Amigo J.M., Watt R., Coello J., Maspoch S. Implementation of enhanced correlation maps in near infrared chemical images: application in pharmaceutical research. Talanta 2009, 79:657-664.
Sabin G.P., Breitkreitz M.C., de Souza A.M., da Fonseca P., Calefe L., Moffa M., Poppi R.J. Analysis of pharmaceutical pellets: an approach using near-infrared chemical imaging. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 706:113-119.
Gendrin C., Roggo Y., Spiegel C., Collet C. Monitoring galenical process development by near infrared chemical imaging: one case study. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2008, 68:828-837.
Koide T., Nagato T., Kanou Y., Matsui K., Natsuyama S., Kawanishi T., Hiyama Y. Detection of component segregation in granules manufactured by high shear granulation with over-granulation conditions using near-infrared chemical imaging. Int. J. Pharm. 2013, 441:135-145.
Belu A., Mahoney C., Wormuth K. Chemical imaging of drug eluting coatings: combining surface analysis and confocal Raman microscopy. J. Control. Release 2008, 126:111-121.
Widjaja E., Kanaujia P., Lau G., Ng W.K., Garland M., Saal C., Hanefeld A., Fischbach M., Maio M., Tan R.B. Detection of trace crystallinity in an amorphous system using Raman microscopy and chemometric analysis. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2011, 42:45-54.
Breitkreitz M.C., Sabin G.P., Polla G., Poppi R.J. Characterization of semi-solid Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) of atorvastatin calcium by Raman image spectroscopy and chemometrics. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2013, 73:3-12.
Sasic S. Raman mapping of low-content API pharmaceutical formulations. I. Mapping of Alprazolam in Alprazolam/Xanax tablets. Pharm. Res. 2007, 24:58-65.
Krier F., Mantanus J., Sacré P.-Y., Chavez P.-F., Thiry J., Pestieau A., Rozet E., Ziemons E., Hubert P., Evrard B. PAT tools for the control of co-extrusion implants manufacturing process. Int. J. Pharm. 2013, 458:15-24.
Yamamoto Y., Fukami T., Koide T., Suzuki T., Hiyama Y., Tomono K. Pharmaceutical evaluation of steroidal ointments by ATR-IR chemical imaging: distribution of active and inactive pharmaceutical ingredients. Int. J. Pharm. 2012, 426:54-60.
Otsu N. A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 1979, 9:62-66.
Meyer F. Topographic distance and watershed lines. Sig. Process. 1994, 38:113-125.
Russ J.C. The Image Processing Handbook 2011, Taylor & Francis. 6th ed.
Kucheryavski S., Esbensen K.H., Bogomolov A. Monitoring of pellet coating process with image analysis - a feasibility study. J. Chemom. 2010, 24:472-480.
Doub W.H., Adams W.P., Spencer J.A., Buhse L.F., Nelson M.P., Treado P.J. Raman chemical imaging for ingredient-specific particle size characterization of aqueous suspension nasal spray formulations: a progress report. Pharm. Res. 2007, 24:934-945.
Palou A., Cruz J., Blanco M., Tomàs J., de los Ríos J., Alcalà M. Determination of drug, excipients and coating distribution in pharmaceutical tablets using NIR-CI. J. Pharm. Anal. 2012, 2:90-97.
Li W., Woldu A., Kelly R., McCool J., Bruce R., Rasmussen H., Cunningham J., Winstead D. Measurement of drug agglomerates in powder blending simulation samples by near infrared chemical imaging. Int. J. Pharm. 2008, 350:369-373.
Rodriguez-Spong B., Price C.P., Jayasankar A., Matzger A.J., Rodriguez-Hornedo N. General principles of pharmaceutical solid polymorphism: a supramolecular perspective. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2004, 56:241-274.
Zhang G.G., Law D., Schmitt E.A., Qiu Y. Phase transformation considerations during process development and manufacture of solid oral dosage forms. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2004, 56:371-390.
Sasic S., Whitlock M. Raman mapping of low-content active-ingredient pharmaceutical formulations. Part ii: statistically optimized sampling for detection of less than 1% of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Appl. Spectrosc. 2008, 62:916-921.
Sasic S., Mehrens S. Raman chemical mapping of low-content active pharmaceutical ingredient formulations. III. Statistically optimized sampling and detection of polymorphic forms in tablets on stability. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84:1019-1025.
Furuyama N., Hasegawa S., Hamaura T., Yada S., Nakagami H., Yonemochi E., Terada K. Evaluation of solid dispersions on a molecular level by the Raman mapping technique. Int. J. Pharm. 2008, 361:12-18.
Fortunato de Carvalho Rocha W., Sabin G.P., Março P.H., Poppi R.J. Quantitative analysis of piroxicam polymorphs pharmaceutical mixtures by hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2011, 106:198-204.
Terra L.A., Poppi R.J. Monitoring the polymorphic transformation on the surface of carbamazepine tablets generated by heating using near-infrared chemical imaging and chemometric methodologies. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2014, 130:91-97.
Vajna B., Farkas I., Farkas A., Pataki H., Nagy Z., Madarasz J., Marosi G. Characterization of drug-cyclodextrin formulations using Raman mapping and multivariate curve resolution. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2011, 56:38-44.
Ueda H., Ida Y., Kadota K., Tozuka Y. Raman mapping for kinetic analysis of crystallization of amorphous drug based on distributional images. Int. J. Pharm. 2013, 462:115-122.
Schonbichler S.A., Bittner L.K., Weiss A.K., Griesser U.J., Pallua J.D., Huck C.W. Comparison of NIR chemical imaging with conventional NIR, Raman and ATR-IR spectroscopy for quantification of furosemide crystal polymorphs in ternary powder mixtures. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2013, 84:616-625.
Alexandrino G.L., Poppi R.J. NIR imaging spectroscopy for quantification of constituents in polymers thin films loaded with paracetamol. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 765:37-44.
Chan K.L.A., Kazarian S.G. Fourier transform infrared imaging for high-throughput analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. J. Comb. Chem. 2005, 7:185-189.
Windbergs M., Haaser M., McGoverin C.M., Gordon K.C., Kleinebudde P., Strachan C.J. Investigating the relationship between drug distribution in solid lipid matrices and dissolution behaviour using Raman spectroscopy and mapping. J. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 99:1464-1475.
Ishikawa D., Murayama K., Awa K., Genkawa T., Komiyama M., Kazarian S.G., Ozaki Y. Application of a newly developed portable NIR imaging device to monitor the dissolution process of tablets. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2013, 405:9401-9409.
Wray P.S., Clarke G.S., Kazarian S.G. Dissolution of tablet-in-tablet formulations studied with ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2013, 48:748-757.
Sacré P.-Y., Deconinck E., Saerens L., De Beer T., Courselle P., Vancauwenberghe R., Chiap P., Crommen J., De Beer J.O.J. Detection of counterfeit Viagra® by Raman microspectroscopy imaging and multivariate analysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2011, 56:454-461.
Kwok K., Taylor L.S. Analysis of counterfeit Cialis® tablets using Raman microscopy and multivariate curve resolution. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2012, 66:126-135.
Lopes M.B., Wolff J.C. Investigation into classification/sourcing of suspect counterfeit Heptodintrade mark tablets by near infrared chemical imaging. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009, 633:149-155.
Lopes M.B., Wolff J.C., Bioucas-Dias J.M., Figueiredo M.A. Determination of the composition of counterfeit Heptodin tablets by near infrared chemical imaging and classical least squares estimation. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009, 641:46-51.
Ellison C.D., Ennis B.J., Hamad M.L., Lyon R.C. Measuring the distribution of density and tabletting force in pharmaceutical tablets by chemical imaging. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2008, 48:1-7.
Igne B., Anderson C.A., Drennen J.K. Radial tensile strength prediction of relaxing and relaxed compacts by near-infrared chemical imaging. Int. J. Pharm. 2011, 418:297-303.
Vercruysse J., Toiviainen M., Fonteyne M., Helkimo N., Ketolainen J., Juuti M., Delaet U., Assche I.V., Remon J.P., Vervaet C., Beer T.D. Visualization and understanding of the granulation liquid mixing and distribution during continuous twin screw granulation using NIR chemical imaging. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2014, 86(3):383-392.
Kano T., Yoshihashi Y., Yonemochi E., Terada K. Clarifying the mechanism of aggregation of particles in high-shear granulation based on their surface properties by using micro-spectroscopy. Int. J. Pharm. 2014, 461:495-504.
Fonteyne M., Fussell A.L., Vercruysse J., Vervaet C., Remon J.P., Strachan C., Rades T., De Beer T. Distribution of binder in granules produced by means of twin screw granulation. Int. J. Pharm. 2014, 462:8-10.
De Bleye C., Sacré P.Y., Dumont E., Netchacovitch L., Chavez P.F., Piel G., Lebrun P., Hubert P., Ziemons E. Development of a quantitative approach using surface-enhanced Raman chemical imaging: first step for the determination of an impurity in a pharmaceutical model. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2014, 90:111-118.
Clarke F.C., Jamieson M.J., Clark D.A., Hammond S.V., Jee R.D., Moffat A.C. Chemical image fusion. the synergy of FT-NIR and Raman mapping microscopy to enable a more complete visualization of pharmaceutical formulations. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73:2213-2220.
Kalasinsky K.S., Hadfield T., Shea A.A., Kalasinsky V.F., Nelson M.P., Neiss J., Drauch A.J., Vanni G.S., Treado P.J. Raman chemical imaging spectroscopy reagentless detection and identification of pathogens: signature development and evaluation. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79:2658-2673.