Forecast verification of a 3D model of the Mediterranean Sea. The use of discrete wavelet transforms and EOFs in the skill assessment of spatial forecasts
Alvera Azcarate, Aïda; Barth, Alexander; Ben Bouallegue, Ziedet al.
2007 • In Journal of Marine Systems, 65 (1-4), p. 460-483
[en] The quality assessment of a nested model system of the Mediterranean Sea is realised. The model has two zooms in the Provencal Basin and in the Ligurian Sea, realised with a two-way nesting approach. The experiment lasts for nine weeks, and at each week sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level anomaly are assimilated. The quality assessment of the surface temperature is done in a spatio-temporal approach, to take into account the high complexity of the SST distribution. We focus on the multi-scale nature of oceanic processes using two powerful tools for spatio-temporal analysis, wavelets and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs). We apply two-dimensional wavelets to decompose the high-resolution model and observed SST into different spatial scales. The Ligurian Sea model results are compared to observations at each of those spatial scales, with special attention on how the assimilation affects the model behaviour. We also use EOFs to assess the similarities between the Mediterranean Sea model and the observed SST. The results show that the assimilation mainly affects the model large-scale features, whereas the small scales show little or no improvement and sometimes, even a decrease in their skill. The multiresolution analysis reveals the connection between large- and small-scale errors, and how the choice of the maximum correlation length of the assimilation scheme affects the distribution of the model error among the different spatial scales. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Research center :
Centre Interfacultaire de Recherches en Océanologie - MARE - GHER
Alvera Azcarate, Aïda ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research (GHER)
Barth, Alexander ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Océanographie physique
Forecast verification of a 3D model of the Mediterranean Sea. The use of discrete wavelet transforms and EOFs in the skill assessment of spatial forecasts
Albérola, C., Millot, C., Circulation in the French mediterranean coastal zone near Marseilles: the influence of wind and the Northern Current (2003) Continental Shelf Research, 23, pp. 587-610
Albérola, C., Millot, C., Font, J., On the seasonal and mesoscale variabilities of the Northern Current during the 'PRIMO-0 experiment in the western Mediterranean Sea (1995) Oceanologica Acta, 18, pp. 163-192
Alvera-Azcárate, A., Barth, A., Rixen, M., Beckers, J.-M., Reconstruction of incomplete oceanographic data sets using Empirical Orthogonal Functions. Application to the Adriatic Sea (2005) Ocean Modelling, 9, pp. 325-346
Astraldi, M., Gasparini, G.P., The seasonal characteristics of the circulation in the north Mediterranean basin and their relationship with the atmospheric-climatic conditions (1992) Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, pp. 9531-9540
Astraldi, M., Balopoulos, S., Candela, J., Font, J., Gacić, M., Gasparini, G.P., Manca, B., Tintoré, J., The role of straits and channels in understanding the characteristics of Mediterranean circulation (1999) Progress in Oceanography, 44, pp. 65-108
Ayoub, N., Le Traon, P.Y., De Mey, P., A description of the Mediterranean surface variable circulation from combined ERS-1 and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetric data (1998) Journal of Marine Systems, 18, pp. 3-40
Barth, A., Alvera-Azcárate, A., Rixen, M., Beckers, J.-M., Two-way nested model of mesoscale circulation features in the Ligurian Sea (2005) Progress in Oceanography, 66, pp. 171-189
Barth, A., Alvera-Azcárate, A., Beckers, J.-M., Rixen, M., Vandenbulcke, L., Multigrid state vector for data assimilation in a two-way nested model of the Ligurian Sea (2007) Journal of Marine Systems, 65, pp. 41-59. , 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.07.006 (this issue)
Beckers, J.-M., Application of a 3D model to the western Mediterranean (1991) Journal of Marine Science, 1, pp. 315-332
Beckers, J.-M., Rixen, M., EOF calculations and data filling from incomplete oceanographic data sets (2003) Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 20 (12), pp. 1839-1856
Beckers, J.-M., Rixen, M., Brasseur, P., Brankart, J.-M., Elmoussaoui, A., Crépon, M., Herbaut, C., Speich, S., Model intercomparison in the Mediterranean. The MedMEx simulations of the seasonal cycle (2002) Journal of Marine Systems, 33-34, pp. 215-251
Brankart, J.M., Brasseur, P., The general circulation in the Mediterranean Sea: a climatological approach (1998) Journal of Marine Systems, 18, pp. 41-70
Brankart, J.M., Testut, C.E., Brasseur, P., Verron, J., Implementation of a multivariate data assimilation scheme for isopycnic coordinate ocean modes: application to a 1993-96 hindcast of the North Atlantic Ocean circulation (2003) Journal of Geophysical Research, p. 3074. , 10.1029/2001JC001198
Brasseur, P., Beckers, J.-M., Brankart, J.M., Schoenauen, R., Seasonal temperature and salinity fields in the Mediterranean Sea: climatological analyses of a historical data set (1996) Deep-Sea Research. Part 1. Oceanographic Research Papers, 43, pp. 159-192
Brasseur, P., Ballabera, J., Verron, J., Assimilation of altimetric observations in a primitive equationmodel of the Gulf stream using a Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman filter (1999) Journal of Marine Systems, 22 (4), pp. 269-294
Briggs, W.M., Levine, R.A., Wavelets and field forecast verification (1997) Monthly Weather Review, 125, pp. 1329-1341
Casati, B., Ross, G., Stephenson, D.B., A new intensity-scale approach for the verification of spatial precipitation forecasts (2004) Meteorological Applications (RMS), 11, pp. 141-154
Chapa, S.R., Rao, B.V., Durga-Prasad, G.S.S., Application of wavelet transform to Meteosat-derived cold cloud index data over South America (1998) Monthly Weather Review, 126, pp. 2466-2481
Daubechies, I., (1992) Ten Lectures on Wavelets, , SIAM 357 pp
Daubechies, I., Guskov, I., Schröder, P., Swelden, W., Wavelets on irregular point sets (1999) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. A, 357 (1760), pp. 2397-2413
Denis, B., Laprise, R., Caya, D., Sensitivity of a regional climate model to the resolution of the lateral boundary conditions (2003) Climate Dynamics, 20, pp. 107-126
Ebert, E.E., McBride, J.L., Verification of precipitation in weather systems: determination of systematic errors (2000) Journal of Hydrology, 239, pp. 179-202
Font, J., Garcia-Ladona, E., Gorriz, E., The seasonality of mesoscale motion in the Northern Current of the western Mediterranean: several years of evidence (1995) Oceanologica Acta, 18, pp. 207-219
Fournier, A., Atmospheric energetics in the wavelet domain. Part I: governing equations and interpretation for idealized flows (2002) Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 59, pp. 1182-1197
Fournier, A., Atmospheric energetics in the wavelet domain. Part II: time-averaged observed atmospheric blocking (2003) Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 60, pp. 319-338
Gacić, M., Marullo, S., Santoleri, R., Bergamasco, A., Analysis of the seasonal and inetrannual variability of the sea surface temperature field in the Adriatic Sea from AVHRR data (1984-1992) (1997) Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, pp. 22937-22946
Gates, W.L., Boyle, J.S., Covey, C., Dease, C., Doutriaux, C.M., Drach, R.S., Fiorino, M., Williams, D.N., An overview of the results of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP I) (1999) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80 (1), pp. 29-55
Hoffman, R.N., Liu, Z., Louis, J.-F., Grasotti, C., Distortion representation of forecast errors (1995) Monthly Weather Review, 123, pp. 2758-2770
Jolliffe, I.T., Stephenson, D.B., Forecast verification (2003) A Practitioner's Guide in Atmospheric Science, , Wiley
Kilpatrick, K.A., Podestá, G.P., Evans, R., Overview of the NOAA/NASA advanced very high resolution radiometer Pathfinder algorithm for sea surface temperature and associated match up database (2001) Journal of Geophysical Research, 106 (C5), pp. 9179-9197
Kumar, P., Foufoula-Georgiou, E., A multicomponent decomposition of spatial rainfall fields. 1. Segregation of large-and small-scale features using wavelet transforms (1993) Water Resources Research, 29 (8), pp. 2515-2532
Kumar, P., Foufoula-Georgiou, E., Wavelet analysis for geophysical applications (1997) Reviews of Geophysics, 35 (4), pp. 385-412
Larnicol, G., Le Traon, P.Y., Ayoub, N., De Mey, P., Mean sea level and surface circulation variability of the Mediterranean Sea from 2 years of topex/poseidon altimetry (1995) Journal of Geophysical Research, 100 (C12), pp. 25163-25177
Lermusiaux, P.F.J., Evolving the subspace of the three-dimensional multiscale ocean variability: Massachusetts bay (2001) Journal of Marine Systems, 29, pp. 385-422
Lermusiaux, P.F.J., On the mapping of multivariate geophysical fields: sensitivities to size, scales, and dynamics (2002) Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 19, pp. 1602-1637
Liang, X.S., Robinson, A.R., A study of the Iceland-Faroe frontal variability using the multiscale energy and vorticity analysis (2004) Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34, pp. 2571-2591
Liang, X.S., Robinson, A.R., Localized multiscale energy and vorticity analysis. I. Fundamentals (2005) Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 38 (3-4), pp. 195-230
Lindsay, R.W., Percival, D.B., Rothrock, D.A., The discrete wavelet transform and the scale analysis of the surface properties of sea ice (1996) IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 34 (3), pp. 771-787
Livezey, R.E., Chen, W.Y., Statistical field significance and its determination by Monte Carlo techniques (1983) Monthly Weather Review, 111, pp. 46-59
Malanote-Rizzoli, P., Manca, B.B., Ribera d'Alcalà, M., Theocharis, A., Brenner, S., Budillon, G., Ozsoy, E., The Eastern Mediterranean in the 80s and in the 90s: the big transition in the intermediate and deep circulations (1999) Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 29, pp. 365-395
Mallat, S., A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation (1989) IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 11 (n7), pp. 674-693
Mallat, S., (1998) A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing, , Academic Press 637 pp
Milliff, R.F., Robinson, A.R., Structure and dynamics of the Rhodes Gyre system and dynamical interpolation for estimates of the mesoscale variability (1992) Journal of Physical Oceanography, 22, pp. 317-337
Millot, C., Circulation in the Western Mediterranean Sea (1999) Journal of Marine Systems, 20, pp. 423-442
Molcard, A., Pinardi, N., Iskandarani, M., Haidvogel, D.B., Wind driven general circulation of the Mediterranean Sea simulated with a Spectral Element Ocean Model (2002) Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 35, pp. 97-130
Murphy, A.H., Epstein, E.S., Skill Scores and Correlation Coefficients in Model Verification (1989) Monthly Weather Review, 117, pp. 572-581
Naveau, P., Oh, H.-S., Polynomial wavelet regression for images with irregular boundaries (2004) IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 13 (6), pp. 773-781
Oh, H.-S., Naveau, P., Lee, G., Polynomial boundary treatment for wavelet regression (2001) Biometrika, 88 (1), pp. 291-298
Pham, D.T., Verron, J.C.R.M., A singular evolutive extended kalman filter for data assimilation in oceanography (1998) Journal of Marine Systems, 16, pp. 323-340
Pinardi, N., Masetti, E., Variability of the large scale general circulation of the Mediterranean Sea from observing and modelling: a review (2000) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 158, pp. 153-173
Raick, C., Alvera-Azcárate, A., Barth, A., Brankart, J.-M., Soetaert, K., Grégoire, M., Application of a SEEK filter to a 1d biogeochemical model of the Ligurian sea: twin experiments and real in situ data assimilation (2007) Journal of Marine Science, 65, pp. 561-583. , 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.06.006 (this issue)
Rao, Y.R., Murthy, C.R., Comparative Analysis of Spectral, Empirical Orthogonal Function, and Wavelet Decompositions for an Upwelling Event (2001) Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 18, pp. 704-710
Reynolds, R.W., Smith, T., Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation (1994) Journal of Climate, 7, pp. 929-948
Sammari, C., Millot, C., Prieur, L., Aspects of the seasonal and mesoscale variabilities of the Northern Current in the Western Mediterranean Sea inferred from the prolig-2 and pros-6 experiments (1995) Deep-Sea Research. Part 1. Oceanographic Research Papers, 42 (6), pp. 893-917
Smith, W.H.F., Sandwell, D.T., Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings (1997) Science, 277, pp. 1956-1962
Spedding, G.R., Browand, F.K., Huang, N.E., Long, S.R., A 2-D complex wavelet analysis of an unsteady wind-generated surface wave field (1993) Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 20, pp. 55-77
Sweldens, W., The lifting scheme: a construction of second generation wavelets (1997) SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis, 29 (2), pp. 511-546
Taylor, K.E., Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram (2001) Journal of Geophysical Research, 106 (D7), pp. 7183-7192
Torrence, C., Compo, G.P., A practical guide to wavelet analysis (1998) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79 (1), pp. 61-78
Tusseau, M.H., Mouchel, J.M., Nitrogen inputs to the Gulf of Lions via the Rhône river (1994) Proceedings of the EROS 2000 Workshop, Hamburg, , Water Pollution Research Reports. Martin J., and Barth H. (Eds), Commission of the European Communities Mar
Viudez, A., Tintoré, J., Haney, R., Circulation in the Alboran Sea as determined by quasi-synoptic hydrographic observations. Part I: three dimensional structure of the two Anticyclonic Gyres (1996) Journal of Physical Oceanography, 26 (5), pp. 684-705
Wilks, D.S., (1995) Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences, , Academic Press 467 pp
Yano, J.I., Moncrieff, M.W., Wu, X., Yamada, M., Wavelet analysis of simulated tropical convective cloud systes
Part I: basic analysis (2001) Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 58, pp. 850-867
Younes, W.A.N., Bensoussan, N., Romano, J.-C., Arlac, D., Lafont, M.-G., Seasonal and interannual variations (1996-2000) of the coastal waters east of the Rhone River mouth as indicated by the SORCOM series (2003) Oceanologica Acta, 26 (4), pp. 311-321