Human sign-tracking and its relationship with attentional biases for alcohol.

Humans; Conditioning, Classical/physiology; Eye Movements/physiology; Cues; Attention/physiology; Attentional Bias/physiology; Alcohol Drinking/psychology

Abstract :

[en] [en] BACKGROUND: Pavlovian sign- and goal-tracking have been proposed as a translational framework for understanding individual vulnerability to addiction. In humans, eye‑movement-based Pavlovian Conditioned Approach (PCA) tasks and alcohol‑related attentional bias paradigms may capture complementary aspects of cue‑driven behavior, yet their relationship remains underexplored. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed (1) to test the hypothesized positive association between sign-tracking tendencies and alcohol-related attentional bias, and (2) further evaluate a computerized PCA paradigm for identifying human sign‑ versus goal‑tracking tendencies by attempting to replicate prior evidence linking sign-tracking to higher alcohol use. METHODS: The main study included 159 healthy volunteers. Eye‑movement indices of sign‑ and goal‑oriented attention were collected, and latent profile analysis was used to derive PCA behavioral profiles. Alcohol‑related attentional bias was assessed using a free‑viewing task, while self‑report questionnaires measured alcohol consumption and personality traits. In an additional side experiment (n = 138), a gaze‑contingent, interactable lever was implemented as the conditioned stimulus (CS) to more closely approximate animal PCA procedures. Due to inconclusive outcomes, results from this experiment are reported in the supporting information. RESULTS: Sign-trackers showed a modest tendency toward greater alcohol-related attentional bias than intermediate participants, although not compared with goal-trackers. No robust evidence emerged for differences in alcohol consumption across PCA profiles. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide preliminary support for a positive association between sign-tracking tendencies and alcohol-related attentional bias, consistent with theoretical predictions, although the effect was small and should be interpreted cautiously. In contrast to previous reports, sign-tracking was unrelated to alcohol consumption. The attenuated effects likely reflect methodological constraints, including low reward salience and the passive nature of the task (e.g., fictitious token reinforcement). Further refinement of human PCA paradigms (particularly regarding conditioned stimulus properties, reward type, and participant engagement) is needed to clarify the boundary conditions of sign- and goal-tracking and strengthen their translational validity.

Disciplines :

Neurosciences & behavior
Theoretical & cognitive psychology

Author, co-author :

Heck, Michelle ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Psychologie et Neuroscience Cognitives (PsyNCog)

Lesenfants, Damien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Psychologie et Neuroscience Cognitives (PsyNCog)

Didone, Vincent ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Psychologie et Neuroscience Cognitives (PsyNCog)

Anselme, Patrick ^✱; Department of Biopsychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

Quertemont, Etienne ^✱; Université de Liège - ULiège > Psychologie et Neuroscience Cognitives (PsyNCog)

^✱ These authors have contributed equally to this work.

Language :

English

Title :

Human sign-tracking and its relationship with attentional biases for alcohol.

Publication date :

28 September 2026

Journal title :

PLoS ONE

eISSN :

1932-6203

Publisher :

Public Library of Science (PLoS), United States

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

e0358192

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358192

Funders :

DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique

Available on ORBi :

since 29 September 2026

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