dark matter; galaxies: clusters: individual: MACS J0600.1-2008; galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium; gravitational lensing: strong; large-scale structure of Universe; X-rays: galaxies: clusters; Cluster survey; Dark matter; Galaxies clusters; Galaxies: clusters: individual: Virgo; Galaxies: clusters: intracluster mediums; Galaxy: cluster: individual: MACS j0600.1-2008; Gravitational lensing: strong; High-redshift; Large scale structure of universe; X-rays galaxies clusters; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] MACS J0600.1-2008 (MACS0600) is an X-ray-luminous, massive galaxy cluster at zd = 0.43, studied previously by the REionization LensIng Cluster Survey and ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey projects which revealed a complex, bimodal mass distribution and an intriguing high-redshift object behind it. Here, we report on the results of a combined analysis of the extended strong lensing (SL), X-ray, Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ), and galaxy luminosity-density properties of this system. Using new JWST and ground-based Gemini-N and Keck data, we obtain 13 new spectroscopic redshifts of multiply-imaged galaxies and identify 12 new photometric multiple-image systems and candidates, including two multiply-imaged z ∼ 7 objects. Taking advantage of the larger areal coverage, our analysis reveals an additional bimodal, massive SL structure which we measure spectroscopically to lie adjacent to the cluster and whose existence was implied by previous SL-modelling analyses. While based in part on photometric systems identified in ground-based imaging requiring further verification, our extended SL model suggests that the cluster may have the second-largest critical area and effective Einstein radius observed to date, Acrit ≃ 2.16 arcmin2 and θE = 49.7'' ± 5.0'' for a source at zs = 2, enclosing a total mass of M(< θE) = (4.7 ± 0.7) × 1014 M. These results are also supported by the galaxy luminosity distribution, and the SZ and X-ray data. Yet another, probably related massive cluster structure, discovered in X-rays 5 arcmin (1.7 Mpc) further north, suggests that MACS0600 is part of an even larger filamentary structure. This discovery adds to several recent detections of massive structures around SL galaxy clusters and establishes MACS0600 as a prime target for future high-redshift surveys with JWST.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Furtak, Lukas J. ; Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva, Israel
Zitrin, Adi ; Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva, Israel
Richard, Johan ; CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Saint-Genis Laval, France
Eckert, Dominique; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Sayers, Jack ; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Ebeling, Harald ; Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, United States
Fujimoto, Seiji ; Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
Laporte, Nicolas ; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille), UMR 7326, Marseille, France
Lagattuta, David ; Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom ; Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
Limousin, Marceau; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille), UMR 7326, Marseille, France
Mahler, Guillaume ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Multi-wavelength Extragalactic and Galactic Astrophysics (MEGA) ; STAR Institute, Liège, Belgium
Meena, Ashish K. ; Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva, Israel
Andrade-Santos, Felipe; Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Berklee College of Music, Boston, United States ; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Frye, Brenda L.; Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
Jauzac, Mathilde ; Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom ; Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom ; Astrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa ; School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
Koekemoer, Anton M. ; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
Kohno, Kotaro ; Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ; Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Espada, Daniel; Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Campus de Fuentenueva, Edificio Mecenas, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain ; Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Granada, Spain
Lu, Harry; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Massey, Richard ; Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom ; Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
Niemiec, Anna ; LPNHE, CNRS, IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies, Paris, France
BSF - United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation NSF - National Science Foundation ISF - Israel Science Foundation NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales JSPS - Japan Society for the Promotion of Science NAOJ - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ISSI - International Space Science Institute
Funding text :
We warmly thank the anonymous referee for their very useful comments which greatly helped to improve the paper. The BGU group acknowledges support by grant No. 2020750 from the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) and grant No. 2109066 from the United States National Science Foundation (NSF); by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Israel; and by the Israel Science Foundation grant No. 864/23. JS and HL acknowledge support from NASA/ADAP 80NSSC19K1018. ML acknowledges the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Centre National des Etudes Spatiales (CNES) for their support. KK acknowledges the support by JSPS KAKENHI grant numbers JP17H06130, JP22H04939, and JP23K20035, and the NAOJ ALMA Scientific Research grant number 2017\u201306B. This research was supported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through the ISSI International Team project #476 (Cluster Physics From Space To Reveal Dark Matter). This work uses observations obtained at the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF\u2019s NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. The Gemini Observatory partnership comprises the NSF (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00F3n y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00EDa e Innovaci\u00F3n (Argentina), Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia, Inova\u00E7\u00F5es e Comunica\u00E7\u00F5es (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space ScienceThis work uses observations obtained at the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF\u2019s NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. The Gemini Observatory partnership comprises the NSF (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00F3n y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00EDa e Innovaci\u00F3n (Argentina), Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia, Inova\u00E7\u00F5es e Comunica\u00E7\u00F5es (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). Some of the data presented herein were obtained at Keck Observatory, which is a private 501(c)3 non-profit organization operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and NASA. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. We note that the Keck, UH, and Gemini-N telescopes are located on Maunakea. We are grateful for the privilege of observing the Universe from a place that is unique in both its astronomical quality and its cultural significance. This work is further based on observations obtained with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the NASA/ESA/CSA JWST, retrieved from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes ( MAST ) at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under NASA contract NAS 5\u201326555. In addition, this study is based on observations obtained with XMM\u2013Newton, an ESA science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by the ESA member states and NASA. Finally, this work is also based on observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory obtained from the ESO Science Archive Facility.We warmly thank the anonymous referee for their very useful comments which greatly helped to improve the paper. The BGU group acknowledges support by grant No. 2020750 from the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) and grant No. 2109066 from the United States National Science Foundation (NSF); by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Israel; and by the Israel Science Foundation grant No. 864/23. JS and HL acknowledge support from NASA/ADAP 80NSSC19K1018. ML acknowledges the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Centre National des Etudes Spatiales (CNES) for their support. KK acknowledges the support by JSPS KAKENHI grant numbers JP17H06130, JP22H04939, and JP23K20035, and the NAOJ ALMA Scientific Research grant number 2017\u201306B. This research was supported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through the ISSI International Team project #476 (Cluster Physics From Space To Reveal Dark Matter).
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