[en] Bioreactors are widely used to apply mechanical stimuli to osteochondral (OC) explants and cartilage tissue-engineered (TE) constructs, yet their ability to replicate native joint mechanics is not well quantified. Using a finite element (FE) modeling approach, this study benchmarks common bioreactor loading protocols against the human knee during gait, enabling direct comparison to physiologically relevant mechanical parameters. A validated FE model of the human knee joint simulating the stance phase of gait was used to characterize key mechanical variables: maximum principal stress, maximum shear strain, pore pressure, and fluid velocity. These outputs were compared with FE analyses of representative bioreactor setups: dynamic unconfined compression (UC) (10%-30%) and combined compression (10%) with ball rotation (±25°), applied to both OC plugs and TE constructs, and hydrostatic pressure (0.5-50 MPa), applied only to TE constructs. In OC plugs, 10% UC generated maximum principal stresses (∼7.5 MPa) and pore pressures (∼4 MPa) closely matching native tissue (∼4.5 MPa and ∼5 MPa, respectively). In TE constructs, even at 30% UC, maximum principal stresses and pore pressures remained around 100 times lower than physiological values, while fluid velocities were 10 times higher. Hydrostatic loading of TE constructs at 5 MPa matched native pore pressures (∼5 MPa) but induced negligible strains. This study establishes a quantitative framework for evaluating how well bioreactor loading regimens replicate physiological joint mechanics. While limited to a single-subject dataset, this framework provides a robust in silico benchmarking methodology and identifies comparative indicators for evaluating bioreactor setups against specific mechanical variables. This work lays the foundation for a more standardized design of in vitro cartilage studies, supporting targeted translational strategies in cartilage repair and tissue engineering.
Disciplines :
Engineering, computing & technology: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Mukherjee, Satanik ; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: satanik.mukherjee@kuleuven.be
Wilson, Wouter; TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
Geris, Liesbet ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'aérospatiale et mécanique > Génie biomécanique
Language :
English
Title :
From human joints to bioreactor setups: Quantifying mechanical stimuli in cartilage physiology and regeneration.
Publication date :
August 2026
Journal title :
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Belgian Federal Government ERC - European Research Council
Funding text :
This study received funding from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No. 721432 (CarBon project), the In Silico World project (grant agreement No. 101016503 ), the European Research Council Consolidator Grant No. 101088919 and the Belgian Federal Public Service Policy & Support (grant DigiTwin4PH ). The funding sources have no role in design and execution of the study.
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