Allegre, J.C., 2008. Isotope Geology. Cambridge University Press.
Alpers, C.N., Brimhall, G.H., 1988. Middle Miocene climatic change in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile: Evidence from supergene mineralization at La Escondida. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 100, 1640-1656. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1640:MMCCIT>2.3.CO;2
Ait Malek, H., Gasquet, D., Bertrand, J.M., Leterrier, J., 1998. Geochronologie U-Pb sur zircon de granitoides eburneens et panafricains dans les boutonnieres proterozoiques d’Igherm, du Kerdous et du Bas Draa (Anti-Atlas occidental, Maroc). Comptes Rendus l’Academie Sci. - Ser. IIa Earth Planet. Sci. 327, 819-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80056-1
Beauvais, A., Chardon, D., 2013. Modes, tempo, and spatial variability of Cenozoic cratonic denudation: The West African example. Geochemistry, Geophys. Geosystems 14, 1590-1608. https://doi.org/10.1002/GGGE.20093
Bird, M.I., Chivas, A.R., Mcdougall, I., 1990. An isotopic study of surficial alunite in Australia 2. Potassium-argon geochronology. Chem. Geol. Isot. Geosci. Sect. 80, 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(90)90022-5
Bladh, K.W., 1982. The formation of goethite, jarosite, and alunite during the weathering of sulfide-bearing felsic rocks. Econ. Geol. 77, 176-184. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.77.1.176
Boni, M., Large, D., 2003. Nonsulfide Zinc Mineralization in Europe: An Overview. Econ. Geol. 98, 715-729. https://doi.org/10.2113/98.4.715
Boni, M., Mondillo, N., 2015. The “Calamines” and the “Others”: The great family of supergene nonsulfide zinc ores. Ore Geol. Rev. 67, 208-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.025.
Bouabdellah, M., Boukirou, W., Potra, A., Melchiorre, E., Bouzahzah, H., Yans, J., Zaid, K., Idbaroud, M., Poot, J., Dekoninck, A., Levresse, G., 2021. Origin of the moroccan touissit-bou beker and jbel bou dahar supergene non-sulfide biomineralization and its relevance to microbiological activity, late miocene uplift and climate changes. Minerals 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11040401
Bouabdellah, M., Chekroun, F., Alansari, A., Margoum, D., 2016. The Granitoid-Related Tiouit Gold Deposit, Saghro Inlier, Eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco): Neoproterozoic Mineralization by a Polyphase Late-Magmatic to Hydrothermal System. In: Bouabdellah, M., Slack, J. (eds) Mineral Deposits of North Africa. Mineral Resource Reviews. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31733-5_16.
Boudzoumou, F., Vandamme, D., Affaton, P., Gattacceca, J., Ouazzani, H., Badra, L., Mahjoubi, E., 2012. Evidence of a Permian remagnetization in the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Adoudounian Formation (Anti-Atlas, Morocco). Bull. l’Institut Sci. Sect. Sci. la Terre 34, 15-28.
Bourque, H., Barbanson, L., Sizaret, S., Branquet, Y., et al., 2016. The copper hsotory in the Anti Atlas belt, from Panafrican to Variscan orogeny, a persistence of tectonic controls: an overview of Bou Azzer-El Graara inlier. 25 eme Reunion des sciences de la Terre (RST 2016), Societe Geologique de France, Oct 2016, Caen, France. pp.60
Bouvart, T., Poot, J., Dekoninck, A., Schmit, F., Keutgen De Greef, M., Vander Auwera, J., Bernard, A., Yans, J., 2024. Alunite and kaolinite as geochemical markers in active acid sulfate alterations of southern Italy (Panarea, La Solfatara and Ischia). Geochemistry 84, 126204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2024.126204
Bowell, R.J., Butt., C.R.M., (Eds.) 2025. Geology, Geochemistry and Formation of Supergene Mineral Deposits in Deeply Weathered Terrain. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75733-4.
Brugger, J., McPhail, D.C., Wallace, M., Waters, J., 2003. Formation of Willemite in Hydrothermal Environments. Econ. Geol. 98, 819-835. https://doi.org/10.2113/GSECONGEO.98.4.819
Choulet, F., Barbanson, L., Buatier, M., Richard, J., Vennemann, T., Ennaciri, A., Zouhair, M., 2017. Characterization and origin of low-T willemite (Zn2SiO4) mineralization: the case of the Bou Arhous deposit (High Atlas, Morocco). Miner. Depos. 52, 1085-1102. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00126-016-0675-7/FIGURES/12
Choulet, F., Buatier, M., Barbanson, L., Guegan, R., Ennaciri, A., 2016. Zinc-rich clays in supergene non-sulfide zinc deposits. Miner. Depos. 51, 467-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-015-0618-8
Chavez, W.X., 2000. Supergene Oxidation of Copper Deposits: Zoning and Distribution of Copper Oxide Minerals. SEG Discov. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2000-41.fea
Chavez, W.X., 2021. Weathering of Copper Deposits and Copper Mobility: Mineralogy, Geochemical Stratigraphy, and Exploration Implications. SEG Discov. 16-27. https://doi.org/10.5382/SEGNEWS.2021-126.FEA-01/605900/WEATHERING-OF-COPPER-DEPOSITS-AND-COPPER-MOBILITY
Clementucci, R., Ballato, P., Siame, L., Fox, M., Lanari, R., Sembroni, A., Faccenna, C., Yaaqoub, A., Essaifi, A., 2023. Surface Uplift and Topographic Rejuvenation of a Tectonically Inactive Range: Insights From the Anti-Atlas and the Siroua Massif (Morocco). Tectonics 42, e2022TC007383. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022TC007383
Clementucci, R., Ballato, P., Siame, L.L., Faccenna, C., Yaaqoub, A., Essaifi, A., Leanni, L., Guillou, V., 2022. Lithological control on topographic relief evolution in a slow tectonic setting (Anti-Atlas, Morocco). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 596, 117788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117788
Couvreur, T.L.P., Dauby, G., Blach-Overgaard, A., Deblauwe, V., Dessein, S., Droissart, V., Hardy, O.J., Harris, D.J., Janssens, S.B., Ley, A.C., Mackinder, B.A., Sonke, B., Sosef, M.S.M., Stevart, T., Svenning, J.C., Wieringa, J.J., Faye, A., Missoup, A.D., Tolley, K.A., Nicolas, V., Ntie, S., Fluteau, F., Robin, C., Guillocheau, F., Barboni, D., Sepulchre, P., 2021. Tectonics, climate and the diversification of the tropical African terrestrial flora and fauna. Biol. Rev. 96, 16-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/BRV.12644
Decree, S., Deloule, E., Ruffet, G., Dewaele, S., Mees, F., Marignac, C., Yans, J., de Putter, T., 2010. Geodynamic and climate controls in the formation of Mio-Pliocene world-class oxidized cobalt and manganese ores in the Katanga province, DR Congo. Miner. Depos. 45, 621-629. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00126-010-0305-8/FIGURES/3
Dill, H.G., 2001. The geology of aluminium phosphates and sulphates of the alunite group minerals: a review. Earth-Science Rev. 53, 35-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00035-0
Drahota, P., Chatziantoniou, A., Mihaljevic, M., Culka, A., Melfou, M., Melfos, V., Voudouris, P., 2024. A mineralogical and geochemical assessment of the As-, Cu-, In-, Pb-, Sb-, and Zn-rich mine wastes at the Pefka epithermal deposit, Greece. J. Geochemical Explor. 256, 107336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2023.107336
Druguet, E., Rahimi, A., Carreras, J., Castano, L.M., Sanchez-Sorribes, I., 2015. The Geoheritage of Kerdous Inlier (Western Anti-Atlas, Morocco): Pages of Earth History in an Outstanding Landscape BT - From Geoheritage to Geoparks: Case Studies from Africa and Beyond, in: Errami, E., Brocx, M., Semeniuk, V. (Eds.), Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10708-0_5
Daoud, EL Azmi, M., Aissa, H., Ouguir, M.L., Mahdoudi, M., El Azmi, Magmatic context of Bou Skour copper deposit (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco): Petrogrography, geochemistry and alterations, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 97, 2014, 40, 55, 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.04.020, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1464343X14001265
El Basbas, A., Aissa, M., Ouguir, H., Mahdoudi, M.L., Madi, A., Zouhair, M., 2020. Ouansimi copper mineralization (Western Anti-Atlas, Morocco): Paragenetic sequence and circulation of gangue hosted paleofluids. J. African Earth Sci. 162, 103692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103692
Farmer, J.G., Lovell, M.A., 1986. Natural enrichment of arsenic in Loch Lomond sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 2059-2067. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90259-0
Fontaine, L., De Putter, T., Bernard, A., Decree, S., Cailteux, J., Wouters, J., Yans, J., 2020. Complex mineralogical-geochemical sequences and weathering events in the supergene ore of the Cu-Co Luiswishi deposit (Katanga, D.R. Congo). J. African Earth Sci. 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103674
Fulignati, P., Gioncada, A., Sbrana, A., 1999. Rare-earth element (REE) behaviour in the alteration facies of the active magmatic-hydrothermal system of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 88, 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00117-6
Gasquet, D., Ennih, N., Liegeois, J.P., Soulaimani, A., Michard, A., 2008. The pan-African belt, in: Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences (Ed.), Continental Evolution: The Geology of Morocco. Springer Verlag, pp. 33-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77076-3_2/COVER/
Gasquet, D., Levresse, G., Cheilletz, A., Azizi-Samir, M.R., Mouttaqi, A., 2005. Contribution to a geodynamic reconstruction of the Anti-Atlas (Morocco) during Pan-African times with the emphasis on inversion tectonics and metallogenic activity at the Precambrian-Cambrian transition. Precambrian Res. 140, 157-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2005.06.009.
Gouiza, M., Charton, R., Bertotti, G., Andriessen, P., Storms, J.E.A, 2016. Post-Variscan evolution of the Anti-Atlas belt of Morocco constrained from low-temperature geochronology. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 106, 593-616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-016-1325-0.
David L., Griffin, Aridity and humidity: two aspects of the late Miocene climate of North Africa and the Mediterranean, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 182, 1-2, 2002, 65, 91, 10.1016/s0031-0182(01)00453-9, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018201004539
Guimera, J., Arboleya, M. L., Teixell, A., 2011. Structural control on present-day topography of a basement massif: The central and eastern anti-atlas (Morocco). Geologica Acta: An International Earth Science Journal 9(1), 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1344/105.000001643
Hemley, J.J., Hostetler, P.B., Gude, A.J., Mountjoy, W.T., 1969. Some Stability Relations of Alunite. Econ. Geol. 64, 599-612.
Jabbour, M., Ilmen, S., Ikenne, M., Zoheir, B., Souhassou, M., Bouskri, I., El-Masoudy, A., Prokopyev, I., Oulhaj, M., Ait Addi, M., & Maacha, L., 2025. Genesis of the Ait Abdellah Copper Deposit, Bou Azzer-El Graara Inlier, Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Minerals 15(5), 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050545
Jambor, J.L., Owens, D.R., Grice, J.D., Feinglos, M.N., 1996. Gallobeudantite, PbGa3[(AsO4),(SO4)]2(OH)6 , a new mineral species from Tsumeb, Namibia, and associated new gallium analogues of the alunite-jarosite family. Can. Mineral. 34, 1305-1315.
Johannesson, K.H., Lyons, W.B., Yelken, M.A., Gaudette, H.E., Stetzenbach, K.J., 1996. Geochemistry of the rare-earth elements in hypersaline and dilute acidic natural terrestrial waters: Complexation behavior and middle rare-earth element enrichments. Chem. Geol. 133, 125-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00072-1
Johannesson, K.H., Lyons, W.B., 1994. The rare earth element geochemistry of Mono Lake water and the importance of carbonate complexing. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39, 1141-1154. https://doi.org/10.4319/LO.1994.39.5.1141
Johannesson, K.H., Lyons, W.B., 1995. Rare-earth element geochemistry of Colour Lake, an acidic freshwater lake on Axel Heiberg Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Chem. Geol. 119, 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00099-T
Johannesson, K.H., Zhou, X., 1999. Origin of middle rare earth element enrichments in acid waters of a Canadian High Arctic lake. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 153-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00291-9.
Lanari, R., Reitano, R., Giachetta, E., Pazzaglia, F.J., Clementucci, R., Faccenna, C., Fellin, M.G., 2022. Is the Anti-Atlas of Morocco still uplifting? J. African Earth Sci. 188, 104481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104481
Leach, D.L., Bradley, D.C., Huston, D., Pisarevsky, S.A., Taylor, R.D., Gardoll, S.J., 2010. Sediment-Hosted Lead-Zinc Deposits in Earth History. Econ. Geol. 105, 593-625. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.593
Lepretre, R., Missenard, Y., Barbarand, J., Gautheron, C., Jouvie, I., Saddiqi, O., 2018. Polyphased Inversions of an Intracontinental Rift: Case Study of the Marrakech High Atlas, Morocco. Tectonics 37, 818-841. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004693
Lepretre, R., Missenard, Y., Saint-Bezar, B., Barbarand, J., Delpech, G., Yans, J., Dekoninck, A., Saddiqi, O., 2015. The three main steps of the Marrakech High Atlas building in Morocco: Structural evidences from the southern foreland, Imini area. J. African Earth Sci. 109, 177-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAFREARSCI.2015.05.013
Loughlin, S.C., Hawkins, M.P., Gillespie, M., Barnes, R.P., Evans, J., Horstwood, M., Darbyshire, F., 2002. Proterozoic volcanism and crustal evolution in the Anti-Atlas mountains, southern Morocco. 19th Colloquim of African Geology, El Jadida (Morocco), March 2002.
Alvaro, J.J., Subias, I., 2011. Interplay of phosphogenesis and hydrothermalism in the latest Ediacaran rift of the High Atlas, Morocco. J. African Earth Sci. 59, 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.08.004
Maloof, A.C., Schrag, D.P., Crowley, J.L., Bowring, S.A., 2005. An expanded record of Early Cambrian carbon cycling from the Anti-Atlas Margin, Morocco. Can. J. Earth Sci. 42, 2195-2216. https://doi.org/10.1139/e05-062
Malusa, M. G., Polino, R., Feroni, A. C., Ellero, A., Ottria, G., Baidder, L., Musumeci, G., 2007. Post-Variscan tectonics in eastern anti-atlas (Morocco). Terra Nova 19(6), 481-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00775.x
Michard, A., Saddiqi, O., Missenard, Y., Oukassou, M., Barbarand, J., 2017. Les grandes regions geologiques du Maroc ; diversite et soulevement d’ensemble. Geologues-SGF 197, 4-12.
Micheels, A., Eronen, J. & Mosbrugger, V, 2009. The Late Miocene climate response to a modern Sahara desert. Global and Planetary Change 67, 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.02.005.
Nordstrom, D.K., 1982. The effect of sulfate on aluminum concentrations in natural waters: some stability relations in the system Al2O3-SO3-H2O at 298 K. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 681-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(82)90168-5
Oukassou, M., Saddiqi, O., Barbarand, J., Sebti, S., Baidder, L., Michard, A., 2013. Post-Variscan exhumation of the Central Anti-Atlas (Morocco) constrained by zircon and apatite fission-track thermochronology. Terra Nov. 25, 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12019
Oummouch, A., Essaifi, A., Zayane, R., Maddi, O., Zouhair, M., Maacha, L., 2017. Geology and Metallogenesis of the Sediment-Hosted Cu-Ag Deposit of Tizert ( Igherm Inlier ,Anti-Atlas Copperbelt, Morocco). Geofluids 2017, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7508484
Parsapoor, A., Khalili, M., Mackizadeh, M.A., 2009. The behaviour of trace and rare earth elements (REE) during hydrothermal alteration in the Rangan area (Central Iran). J. Asian Earth Sci. 34, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSEAES.2008.04.005
Poot, J., Buelens, P., Dekoninck, A., Rochez, G., Yans, J., 2024. Tracing the Eh-pH evolution of Cu-Pb-As-Zn supergene mineralization using detailed petrography in the Cap Garonne mineral deposit (Provence, France). Miner. Depos. 59, 1249-1271. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00126-024-01258-3
Poot, J., Stanus, R., EL Azmi, M., Dekoninck, A., Maacha, L., Rochez, G., Bouabdellah, M., Yans, J., 2026. Weathering processes and the role of combined chlorite-dolomite as main neutralizing agents of acidic fluids in the Cu(-Pb-Zn-Ag) Bou Skour supergene deposit (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco). J. African Earth Sci. 235, 105981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2025.105981
Poot, J., Verhaert, M., Dekoninck, A., Oummouch, A., Basbas, A. El, Maacha, L., Yans, J., 2020. Characterization of weathering processes of the giant copper deposit of Tizert (Igherm inlier, Anti-Atlas, Morocco). Minerals 10, 620. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10070620
Reddy, K.J., Wang, L., Gloss, S.P., 1995. Solubility and mobility of copper, zinc and lead in acidic environments. Plant Soil 171, 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00009564.
Sangameshwar, S.R., Barnes, H.L., 1983. Supergene process in zinc-lead-silver sulfide ores in carbonates. Econ. Geol. 78, 1379-1397. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.78.7.1379
Schuster, M., Duringer, P., Ghienne, J.-F., Vignaud, P., Mackaye, H., T., Likius, A., Brunet, M., 2006. The Age of the Sahara Desert. Science 311, 821-821. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120161.
Sillitoe, R.H., 2019. Supergene oxidation of epithermal gold-silver mineralization in the Deseado massif, Patagonia, Argentina: response to subduction of the Chile Ridge. Miner. Depos. 54, 381-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-018-0814-4
Soulaimani, A., Burkhard, M., 2008. The Anti-Atlas chain (Morocco): the southern margin of the Variscan belt along the edge of the West African craton, in: Ennih, N., Liegeois, J.-P. (Eds.), The Boundaries of the West African Craton. Geological Society of London, p.433-452. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP297.20
Soulaimani, A., Pique, A., 2004. The Tasrirt structure (Kerdous inlier, Western Anti-Atlas, Morocco): a late Pan-African transtensive dome. J. African Earth Sci. 39, 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAFREARSCI.2004.07.043
Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M., 1995. The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Rev. Geophys. 33, 241-265. https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00262
Vasconcelos, P.M., 1999. K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of weathering processes. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 27, 183-229.
Velasco, F., Herrero, J.M., Suarez, S., Yusta, I., Alvaro, A., Tornos, F., 2013. Supergene features and evolution of gossans capping massive sulphide deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Ore Geol. Rev. 53, 181-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.01.008
Verhaert, M., 2020. Characterization and (U-Th-Sm)/He dating of Moroccan supergene ore deposits: New insights to unravel the periods and potential causes of weathering processes. PhD Thesis, Universite de Namur, Belgique, 334p.
Verhaert, M., Bernard, A., Dekoninck, A., Lafforgue, L., Saddiqi, O., Yans, J., 2017. Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of supergene Cu-Pb-Zn-V ores in the Oriental High Atlas, Morocco. Miner. Depos. 52, 1049-1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0753-5
Verhaert, M., Bernard, A., Saddiqi, O., Dekoninck, A., Essalhi, M., Yans, J., 2018. Mineralogy and genesis of the polymetallic and polyphased low grade Fe-Mn-Cu ore of Jbel Rhals deposit (Eastern High Atlas, Morocco). Minerals 8, 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8020039
Verhaert, M., Madi, A., El Basbas, A., Elharkaty, M., Oummouch, A., Oumohou, L., Malfliet, A., Maacha, L., Yans, J., 2020. Genesis of as-pb-Rich supergene mineralization: The Tazalaght and Agoujgal Cu deposits (Moroccan Anti-Atlas Copperbelt). Econ. Geol. 115, 1725-1748. https://doi.org/10.5382/ECONGEO.4779
Vink, B.W., 1986. Stability relations of malachite and azurite. Mineral. Mag. 50, 41-47.
Johan, Yans, Michèle, Verhaert, Cecile, Gautheron, Pierre-Olivier, Antoine, Béchir, Moussi, (U-Th)/He dating of supergene Iron (Oxyhydr-)oxides of the Nefza-Sejnane District (Tunisia): new insights into mineralization and mammalian biostratigraphy, Minerals, 11, 3, 2021, 260, 10.3390/min11030260, https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/3/260
