[en] Aquaculture plays a vital role in securing the world’s food supply by providing a dependable source of animal protein in an era of declining capture fisheries. Despite its rapid expansion, the sector faces significant challenges, including disease outbreaks, environmental stresses, and concerns over antibiotic misuse. Traditional methods, relying on chemotherapeutics and antimicrobials, have sparked controversy due to residue buildup, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental toxicity. In response, there has been increased focus on discovering new health-promoting strategies. Among these alternatives, synbiotic products resulting from the combination of probiotics and prebiotics have gained considerable attention because of their many benefits. Besides improving disease resistance, synbiotics enhance growth, feed efficiency, gut microbiota
modulation, immune regulation, and stress tolerance in fish and shellfish. This review summarizes recent findings on the use of synbiotics in aquaculture, highlighting their physiological effects, mechanisms of action, and potential to reduce antibiotic use. However, gaps remain in understanding optimal dosages, formulations, and long-term impacts, which future research must address. Expanding the use of synbiotics offers promising opportunities for increasing productivity, improving animal welfare, and promoting sustainability in aquaculture systems.
Disciplines :
Life sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Vijayaram, Srirengaraj; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China. vijayarambiotech@gmail.com ; Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India. vijayarambiotech@gmail.com
Razafindralambo, Hary ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Microbial technologies ; ProBioLab, 5004, Namur, Belgium
Karthikeyan, Mahendran; Department of Microbiology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Ringø, Einar; Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries, and Economics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
Krishna Prakash, Arunachalam; Departamento de Ciencias de la Construcción, Facultad de Ciencias de la Construcción Ordenamiento Territorial, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, 8330383, Santiago, Chile
Sun, Yun-Zhang; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China. jmusunyunzhang@163.com
Language :
English
Title :
Advancing Aquaculture Health and Efficiency: A Comprehensive Update on Synbiotic Applications in Fish and Shellfish Farming.
Abdel-Latif HM Dawood MA Menanteau-Ledouble S El-Matbouli M The nature and consequences of co-infections in tilapia: a review J Fish Dis 2020 43 6 651 664 10.1111/jfd.13161 32315088
Naylor RL Hardy RW Buschmann AH Bush SR Cao L Klinger DH Little DC Lubchenco J Shumway SE Troell M A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture Nature 2021 591 7851 551 563 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXnt1CjtLw%3D 10.1038/s41586-021-03308-6 33762770
Bartley DM (2022) World aquaculture 2020–a brief overview. https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/CC0461EN
Zhao K Gaines SD García Molinos J Zhang M Xu J Effect of trade on global aquatic food consumption patterns Nat Commun 2024 15 1 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXksVWrtbk%3D 10.1038/s41467-024-45441-5 38360822 10869811 1412
FAO (2020) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020: sustainability in action. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9229en/
Aydın İ Öztürk RÇ Eroldoğan OT Arslan M Terzi Y Yılmaz S Diken G Yıldırım Ö Bodur T Gültepe N Erdem ÖA Evliyaoğlu E Dürrani Ö Gülen S Batır E Altinok I Sevgili H An in‐depth analysis of the finfish aquaculture in Türkiye: current status, challenges, and future prospects Rev Aquacult 2025 17 2 10.1111/raq.70010 e70010
Kebede EA Abou Ali H Clavelle T Froehlich HE Gephart JA Hartman S Davis KF Assessing and addressing the global state of food production data scarcity Nat Rev Earth Environ 2024 10.1038/s43017-024-00695-5
Jeyavani J Gopi N Al-Ghanim KA Nicoletti M Govindarajan M Vaseeharan B Probiotic-based immunization improves immune responses in Oreochromis mossambicus against Aeromonas hydrophila: insights from Bacillus licheniformis (Dahb1) Microb Pathog 2025 204 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXot1aqtrg%3D 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107520 40158705 107520
Sutanti S Sukenda S Widanarni W Alimuddin A Aliah RS Ardiansyah AR Romadhona EI Indigenous Gram-negative bacteria as probiotics for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Curr Microbiol 2025 82 5 1 13 10.1007/s00284-025-03797-6
Sathishkumar G Felix N Ranjan A Uma A Rajalakshmi K Exploring the impact of selected functional feed additives on growth, nutrient utilization, enzyme activities and immune gene expression of Channa striata juveniles Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2025 10.1007/s12602-024-10143-w 40439863
do Carmo Alves AP Orlando TM de Oliveira IM Libeck LT Silva KKS Rodrigues RAF Cyrino JEP Synbiotic microcapsules of Bacillus subtilis and oat β-glucan on the growth, microbiota, and immunity of Nile tilapia Aquacult Int 2024 32 4 3869 3888 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXis1elt7zM 10.1007/s10499-024-01145-6
Ullah M Khan FA Khan MU Shah SN Riaz MS Solangi NA Kabir A Revolutionizing livestock management: probiotics as immunomodulators for health and productivity J Surv Fish Sci 2024 11 3 141 149 10.55668/sfs.v11i3.234
Irshath AA Bacterial pathogenesis in various fish diseases: recent advances and specific challenges in vaccine development Vaccines 2023 11 2 1 14 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXkslWkt7w%3D 10.3390/vaccines11020372
Almashhadany DA Hassan AA Rashid RF Abdulmawjood A Khan IU Assessment and assay comparison for detection of antimicrobial residues in freshwater aquaculture fish in Erbil Governorate, Iraq Antibiotics 2024 13 3 10.3390/antibiotics13030225 38534660 10967619 225
Rathor GS Swain B Advancements in fish vaccination: current innovations and future horizons in aquaculture health management Appl Sci 2024 14 13 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhvVKgsbrL 10.3390/app14135672 5672
Ndashe K An assessment of the risk factors associated with disease outbreaks across tilapia farms in Central and Southern Zambia Fishes 2023 8 1 17 10.3390/fishes8010017
Yang Y Li X Lin J Bao R A modified QuEChERS-based UPLC-MS/MS method for rapid determination of multiple antibiotics and sedative residues in freshwater fish Food Chem X 2024 22 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXltlygtbk%3D 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101268 38495454 10943039 101268
Verdegem M The contribution of aquaculture systems to global aquaculture production J World Aquacult Soc 2023 54 2 206 250 10.1111/jwas.12949
Cabello FC Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health Environ Microbiol 2006 8 1137 1144 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XnsVCks7Y%3D 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01054.x 16817922
Dawood MAO Nutritional immunity of fish intestines: important insights for sustainable aquaculture Rev Aquac 2021 13 642 663 10.1111/raq.12492
Ringø E Hoseinifar SH Ghosh K Van Doan H Beck BR Song SK Probiotics, lactic acid bacteria and bacilli: interesting supplementation for aquaculture J Appl Microbiol 2020 129 116 136 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXht1KjtrrJ 10.1111/jam.14628 32141152
Mustafa SA Al-Faragi JK Supplementation of feed additives on aquaculture feeds: a review Int J Pharm Res 2021 10.31838/ijpr/13.01.232
Yoo S Jung SC Kwak K Kim JS The role of prebiotics in modulating gut microbiota: implications for human health Int J Mol Sci 2024 25 9 4834 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhtV2iurvJ 10.3390/ijms25094834 38732060 11084426
Amenyogbe E Droepenu EK Ayisi CL Boamah GA Duker RQ Abarike ED Huang JS Impact of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on digestive enzymes, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense in fish farming: current insights and future perspectives Front Mar Sci 2024 11 10.3389/fmars.2024.1368436 1368436
Yousefi M Adineh H Taheri Mirghaed A Hoseini SM Co-supplementation of diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and thymol: effects on growth, antioxidant and immune responses of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Animals 2025 15 3 10.3390/ani15030302 39943072 11815758 302
Baek SI Cho SH Effects of dietary inclusion of a crude protein source exhibiting the strongest attractiveness to red sea bream (Pagrus major) on growth, feed availability, and economic efficiency Animals 2024 14 5 10.3390/ani14050771 38473156 10931256 771
Abdel-Moneim AME Khidr RS Badran AM Amin SA Badri FB Gad GG Elbaz AM Efficacy of supplementing Aspergillus awamori in enhancing growth, gut microbiota, digestibility, immunity, and antioxidant activity of heat-stressed broiler chickens fed olive pulp BMC Vet Res 2024 20 1 205 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhtFeltL3E 10.1186/s12917-024-04161-4 38760749 11100142
Mohammed EAH Ahmed AEM Kovács B Pál K The significance of probiotics in aquaculture: a review of recent trends and findings Antibiotics 2025 14 3 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhtlWjsr7M 10.3390/antibiotics14030242 40149052 11939380 242
Zhang W Zhang Y Zhao Y Li L Zhang Z Hettinga K Deng J Dietary polysaccharides as prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics in infant formula and their influence on gut microbiota: a review Nutrients 2024 16 23 4122 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXivVSltrvK 10.3390/nu16234122 39683515 11643758
Preena PG, Anjana JC, Rejish Kumar VJ (2025) Application of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in aquaculture. In: Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture and aquatic environment, pp 277–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1062-4_14
Sulaiman MA Nin LY Amin SN Fotedar R Yusoff FM Moh JHZ Assessment of fruit waste as feed additives in aquafeed for growth and health of fish under biofloc technology Rev Aquacult 2025 17 2 10.1111/raq.70000 e70000
El-Hamid A Aya G Ahmed OM Said MM Probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic effects on growth, water quality, immune response, and food safety of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish 2024 10.21608/ejabf.2024.234751
Abd El-Aziz YM Jaber FA Nass NM Awlya OF Abusudah WF Qadhi AH Dighiesh HS Growth, digestion, immune status, and resistance to Fusarium oxysporum in Oreochromis niloticus using fructooligosaccharides and β-1,3 glucan Aquacult Int 2024 32 6 7487 7508 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXht1ClsLfI 10.1007/s10499-024-01178-x
Farooq M Anjum MZ Muhammad Z Maqsood J Azhar MS Rasool S Khan MQ Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation on growth performance, survival rate and morphometry of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Pak J Zool 2025 57 1 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXntlentLY%3D 10.17582/journal.pjz/20221101091143 183
Liu R Ding Y Jing F Chen Z Su C Pan L Effects of dietary glycerol monolaurate on growth and digestive performance, lipid metabolism, immune defense and gut microbiota of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024 151 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhtlSgt7jJ 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109666 38838839 109666
Huynh TG Shiu YL Nguyen TP Truong QP Chen JC Liu CH Current applications, selection, and possible mechanisms of actions of synbiotics in improving the growth and health status in aquaculture: a review Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017 64 367 382 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXltValtLg%3D 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.035 28336489
Khanjani MH Mozanzadeh MT Gisbert E Hoseinifar SH Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in shrimp aquaculture: their effects on growth performance, immune responses, and gut microbiome Aquacult Rep 2024 38 10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102362 102362
Hong NTX Linh NTH Baruah K Thuy DTB Phuoc NN The combined use of Pediococcus pentosaceus and fructooligosaccharide improves growth performance, immune response, and resistance of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus Front Microbiol 2022 13 10.3389/fmicb.2022.875215 168
Van Doan H Hoseinifar SH Naraballobh W Jaturasitha S Tongsiri S Chitmanat C Ringø E Dietary inclusion of orange peel-derived pectin and Lactobacillus plantarum for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured under indoor biofloc systems Aquaculture 2019 508 98 105 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXptFeqtbo%3D 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.067
de Araújo ERL Barbas LAL Ishikawa CM de Carla Dias D Sussel FR de Almeida Marques HL Tachibana L Prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic in the diet of Nile tilapia post-larvae during the sex reversal phase Aquac Int 2018 26 85 97 10.1007/s10499-017-0201-7
Ismail M Wahdan A Yusuf MS Metwally E Mabrok M Effect of dietary supplementation with a synbiotic (Lacto Forte) on growth performance, hematological and histological profiles, the innate immune response, and resistance to bacterial disease in Oreochromis niloticus Aquac Res 2019 50 2545 2562 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhsFOjtLfI 10.1111/are.14212
Sewaka M Trullas C Chotiko A Rodkhum C Chansue N Boonanuntanasarn S Pirarat N Efficacy of synbiotic Jerusalem artichoke- and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-supplemented diets on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, immune parameters, and protection against Aeromonas veronii in juvenile red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019 86 260 268 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitlCmurrI 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.026 30439500
Huynh TG Cheng AC Chi CC Chiu KH Liu CH A synbiotic improves the immunity of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: metabolomic analysis reveals compelling evidence Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018 79 284 293 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXpvFKgsLc%3D 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.031 29778843
Nguyen TM Do Thi NA Le XC Hossain S Vu Thi TH Tran Thi NT Feed efficiency, hematological parameters, and resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as improved by dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum L03 J Appl Aquacult 2024 36 3 593 611 10.1080/10454438.2023.2219112
Wangkahart E Nontasan S Phudkliang J Pholchamat S Sunthamala P Taesuk N Khunrae P New insights into the effect of xylooligosaccharide derived from agricultural waste, single or combined dietary supplementation with mixed probiotics on growth, flesh quality, health condition and disease resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl 2024 7 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXltlynsbs%3D 10.1016/j.carpta.2024.100471 100471
Aakool MAK Alishahi M Peyghan R Khosravi M Gharibi D Effect of oral administration of encapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on the efficacy and immunogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine in common carp Iran Vet J 2025 21 1 5 24
Fachri M Amoah K Huang Y Cai J Alfatat A Ndandala CB Chen H Probiotics and paraprobiotics in aquaculture: a sustainable strategy for enhancing fish growth, health and disease prevention—a review Front Mar Sci 2024 11 10.3389/fmars.2024.1499228 1499228
Hosseini SS Sudaagar M Zakariaee H Paknejad H Baruah K Norouzitalab P Evaluation of the synbiotic effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mushroom extract on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and immune status of zebrafish Danio rerio BMC Microbiol 2024 24 1 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhvFGlsL7P 10.1186/s12866-024-03299-9 39245724 11382455 331
El-Nobi G Hassanin M Khalil AA Mohammed AY Amer SA Montaser MM El-Sharnouby ME Synbiotic effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mannan oligosaccharides, and β-glucan on innate immunity, antioxidant status, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Antibiotics 2021 10 5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitVCjt7bP 10.3390/antibiotics10050567 34065896 8150918 567
Wibisono CB Wahyudi AI Arief M Lokapirnasari WP The potency of synbiotics in improving the growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein retention, and lipid retention in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Aquac Aquarium Conserv Legis 2021 14 1 486 494
Rahman SM Alsaqufi AS Kundu P Mansour AT Alkhamis YA Mathew RT Sarower MG Effect of dietary supplementation of synbiotics “Power Lacū” on growth performance, phenotypic traits, and digestive enzyme activities of monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fresenius Environ Bull 2022 31 1 A 1521 1530 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XoslSrsL8%3D
Zhu W Yi Y Zou Z Li H Liang T Shi Q Su J Effects of dietary supplementation with three different probiotics on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Microorganisms 2025 13 6 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXisFShtr3N 10.3390/microorganisms13061222 40572109 12194915 1222
Elabd H, Othman R, Mahboub H (2024) Diseases in aquaculture. In: Essentials of aquaculture practices. Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, pp 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5119-6_7
Ermawati RP Yuhana M Widanarni W Afiff U Field testing of dual-species synbiotic microcapsules during IMNV disease outbreak and fluctuating weather: growth performance and immune response in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Aquacult Int 2024 32 4 4529 4550 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXktlKgtr4%3D 10.1007/s10499-024-01167-8
Faisal M Hussain SM Sarker PK Ali S Al-Ghanim KA Yousaf Z Utilization of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a protein source in diets for Cirrhinus mrigala: effects on growth, body composition, and hematology Front Sustain Food Syst 2024 8 10.3389/fsufs.2024.1405614 1405614
Eissa ESH Okon EM Abdel-Warith AWA Younis EM Munir MB Eissa HA Abd El-Aziz YM Influence of a mixture of oligosaccharides and β-glucan on growth performance, feed efficacy, body composition, biochemical indices, combating Streptococcus iniae infection, and gene expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Aquacult Int 2024 32 4 5353 5371 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXkslKjtbY%3D 10.1007/s10499-024-01189-2
Maniat M Salati AP Zanguee N Mousavi SM Hoseinifar SH Effects of dietary Pediococcus acidilactici and isomaltooligosaccharide on growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant defense in juvenile common carp Aquacult Nutr 2023 10.1155/2023/4136740
Cathers HS Mane SP Tawari NR Balakuntla J Plata G Krishnamurthy M Gangaiah D In silico, in vitro, and in vivo characterization of host-associated Latilactobacillus curvatus strains for potential probiotic applications in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Sci Rep 2022 12 1 18417 10.1038/s41598-022-23185-z 36319729 9626465
Dhanasiri AK Jaramillo-Torres A Chikwati EM Forberg T Krogdahl Å Kortner TM Effects of dietary supplementation with prebiotics and Pediococcus acidilactici on gut health, transcriptome, microbiota, and metabolome in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after seawater transfer Anim Microbiome 2023 5 1 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXjtVKlt7o%3D 10.1186/s42523-023-00254-1 36774518 9921345 10
Islam MH Linda SS Orpi SI Khan MGQ Islam MS Enhancing immune response and disease resistance in Gangetic mystus (Mystus cavasius) through dietary synbiotic supplementation: a sustainable alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture Egypt J Aquat Res 2025 51 1 136 142 10.1016/j.ejar.2024.11.005
Singh SK Tiwari VK Munilkumar S Prakash C Chadha NK Biswas P Effect of dietary synbiotics on serum biochemistry and anti-oxidative function of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to sub-lethal nitrite stress Indian J Anim Health 2021 60 2 253 261
Pan Y Liu Z Lu J Quan J Zhao G Song G Ren Z Astragalus polysaccharide inhibits infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus damage to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spleen by promoting the efficacy of inactivated vaccine Fish Shellfish Immunol 2025 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.110180 41319889
Hoseinifar SH Hoseini SM Bagheri D Effects of galactooligosaccharide and Pediococcus acidilactici on antioxidant defense and disease resistance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Ann Anim Sci 2017 17 1 217 227 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXivVOmtro%3D 10.1515/aoas-2016-0057
Zahra Z, Aberoumand A, Ziaei-Nejad S (2023) Nutrition and growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets supplemented with a synbiotic preparation. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2475472/v1
Van Doan H Doolgindachbaporn S Suksri A Effects of Pleurotus eryngii and Lactobacillus plantarum on growth, immunity and disease resistance of Pangasius catfish (Pangasius court) Fish Physiol Biochem 2016 42 1427 1440 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XntVOns7c%3D 10.1007/s10695-016-0230-6 27129725
Putra AN Romdhonah Y Effects of dietary Bacillus NP5 and sweet potato extract on growth and digestive enzyme activity of dumbo catfish Clarias sp J Akuakultur Indones 2019 18 1 80 88 10.19027/jai.18.1.80-88
Sutriana A Akter MN Hashim R Nor SAM Effectiveness of single and combined use of selected dietary probiotics and prebiotics on growth and intestinal conditions of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Aquac Int 2021 29 2769 2791 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XivVOhtLc%3D 10.1007/s10499-021-00777-4
Hardi EH Nugroho RA Rostika R Mardliyaha CM Sukarti K Rahayu W Saptiani G Synbiotic application to enhance growth, immune system, and disease resistance in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Aquaculture 2022 549 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XpsVOhtb8%3D 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737794 737794
Oliveira FC Soares MP Oliveira BPN Pilarski F de Campos CM Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis, inulin, and its synbiotic combination improves growth and mitigates stress in experimentally infected Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum Aquac Res 2022 53 12 4256 4265 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhvFaks73K 10.1111/are.16105
Khosravi-Katuli K Mohammadi Y Ranjbaran M Ghanaatian H Khazaali A Paknejad H Santander J Effects of mannan oligosaccharide and synbiotic supplementation on growth and immune response of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) under thermal stress Aquac Res 2021 52 8 3745 3756 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitVOhsb7L 10.1111/are.15220
Ashouri G Soofiani NM Hoseinifar SH Jalali SAH Morshedi V Valinassab T Carnevali O Effects of dietary sodium alginate and Pediococcus acidilactici on antioxidant status and intestinal health of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) Aquaculture 2020 518 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXisVeqsbzP 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734638 734638
Ibrahim HA Effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis HS1, chitosan, and synbiotics on growth and oxidative stress of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish 2022 26 5 1119 1138 10.21608/ejabf.2022.267440
Hasan MT Jang WJ Kim H Lee BJ Kim KW Hur SW Kong IS Dietary Bacillus sp. SJ-10 and β-glucooligosaccharides improve growth, immunity, and disease resistance in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018 82 544 553 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhs1Omur7F 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.00 30194054
Ye JD Wang K Li FD Sun YZ Single or combined effects of fructo- and mannan oligosaccharide supplements and Bacillus clausii on the growth, feed utilization, body composition, digestive enzyme activity, innate immune response and lipid metabolism of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus Aquac Nutr 2011 17 e902 e911 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00863.x
Olowe OS Hamidoghli A Choi W Bae J Lee Y Folorunso EA Bai SC The effects of two dietary synbiotics on growth performance, hematological parameters, and nonspecific immune responses in Japanese eel J Aquat Anim Health 2024 36 2 136 150 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhvFOmtrbI 10.1002/aah.10228 38050651
Jafarzadeh E Khara H Ahmadnezhad M Synbiotic (Biomin IMBO) influences hematological and immune parameters in Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) Comp Clin Pathol 2015 24 1317 1323 10.1007/s00580-015-2071-6
Vaezi M Khara H Shenavar A Synbiotic (Biomin IMBO) alters gut bacterial flora of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) over time J Parasit Dis 2016 40 1189 1192 10.1007/s12639-015-0647-3 27876912
Yang P Yang W He M Li X Leng XJ Dietary synbiotics improved the growth, feed utilization, and intestinal structure of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) juveniles Aquacult Nutr 2020 26 2 590 600 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXksVSmtb0%3D 10.1111/anu.13008
Feng Z Zhong Y He G Sun H Chen Y Zhou W Lin S Yeast culture improved the growth performance, liver function, intestinal barrier, and microbiota of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed a high-starch diet Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022 120 706 715 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhtVekt73O 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.023 34954371
Park Y Kim H Won S Hamidoghli A Hasan MT Kong IS Bai SC Effects of two dietary probiotics (Bacillus subtilis or licheniformis) with two prebiotics (mannan or fructo-oligosaccharide) in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica Aquacult Nutr 2020 26 2 316 327 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXksVSmtb4%3D 10.1111/anu.12998
Politis SN Benini E Miest JJ Engrola S Sørensen SR Syropoulou E Tomkiewicz J First assessment of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics affecting survival, growth, and gene expression of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) larvae Aquacult Res 2023 10.1111/are.16430
Azimirad M Meshkini S Ahmadifard N Hoseinifar SH The effects of feeding with synbiotics (Pediococcus acidilactici and fructooligosaccharide) enriched adult Artemia on skin mucus immune responses, stress resistance, intestinal microbiota, and performance of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016 54 516 522 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XpvV2qsbw%3D 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.033 27150050
Saputra DA Application of synbiotics with different probiotic doses to prevent vibriosis in humpback grouper J Akuakultur Indones 2013 12 2 169 177 10.19027/jai.12.169-177
Wang T Cheng Y Chen X Liu Z Long X Effects of small peptides, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on growth performance, digestive enzymes, and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) juveniles reared in artificial seawater Chin J Oceanol Limnol 2017 35 1 89 97 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XmsFantro%3D 10.1007/s00343-017-5271-1
Sudewi S Astuti NWW Asih YN Nasukha A Marzuqi M Mastuti I Giri INA Effects of dietary mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and multi-species Bacillus on growth and feed utilization in leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) juvenile HAYATI J Biosci 2023 30 1 140 147 10.4308/hjb.30.1.140
Ghafarifarsani H Hoseinifar SH Talebi M Yousefi M Van Doan H Rufchaei R Paolucci M Combined and singular effects of ethanolic extract of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) and synbiotic Biomin® IMBO on growth performance, serum- and mucus-immune parameters and antioxidant defense in zebrafish (Danio rerio) Animals 2021 11 10 10.3390/ani11102995 34680014 8532822 2995
Zakariaee H Sudagar M Hosseini SS Paknejad H Baruah K In vitro selection of synbiotics and in vivo investigation of growth indices, reproduction performance, survival, and ovarian Cyp19α gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) Front Microbiol 2021 12 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758758 34671338 8521104 758758
Yuhana M Tambun A Widanarni W Afiff U Synbiotic microcapsule dietary supplementation for prevention against co-infection diseases in Pacific white shrimp: a limited field experiment J Akuakultur Indones 2022 21 2 125 132 10.19027/jai.21.2.125-132
Butt UD Lin N Akhter N Siddiqui T Li S Wu B Overview of the latest developments in the role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in shrimp aquaculture Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021 114 263 281 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhvVKhsr3N 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.023 33971259
Wananda AZ Setyawan YA Setiani FS Wulandari IE Andriawan S Local synbiotic from Amorphophallus muelleri Bl. and Bacillus sp. to boost Litopenaeus vannamei non-specific immune responses Aquacult Aquarium Conserv Legis 2022 15 1 489 501
Utomo AS Yuhana M Widanarni W Afiff U Immune response, gene expression, and intestinal microbial composition of Pacific white shrimp fed with multispecies synbiotic for the prevention of coinfection disease Aquacult Int 2022 2022 1 12 10.1007/s10499-022-00854-5
Ayisi CL Apraku A Afriyie G A review of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in crab: present research, problems, and future perspective J Shellfish Res 2017 36 3 799 806 10.2983/035.036.0321
Wan JJ Pan JL Shen MF Xue H Sun ML Zhang MQ Ma XK Changes in the growth performance, antioxidant enzymes, and stress resistance caused by dietary administration of synbiotics (fructooligosaccharide and probiotics) in juvenile Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis Aquacult Int 2022 2022 1 15 10.1007/s10499-022-00921-x
Tran NT Li S Potential role of prebiotics and probiotics in conferring health benefits in economically important crabs Fish Shellfish Immunol Rep 2022 3 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100041 36419605 100041
Wang X Sun Y Wang L Li X Qu K Xu Y Synbiotic dietary supplement affects growth, immune responses, and intestinal microbiota of Apostichopus japonicus Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017 68 232 242 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXht1SjsL7O 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.027 28709723
Safari O Paolucci M Synbiotic feeding enhances growth, immunity, and disease resistance in narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus) Aquaculture 2017 479 333 341 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhtVShtb7J 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.05.049
Safari O Paolucci M Motlagh HA Effects of synbiotics on immunity and disease resistance in narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus) Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017 64 392 400 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXltlWkurk%3D 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.049 28363588
Nedaei S Noori A Valipour A Khanipour AA Hoseinifar SH Dietary effects of Lactobacillus plantarum combined with galactooligosaccharide on immunological and biochemical parameters, gut microbiota, digestive enzyme activity, body composition, and stress resistance in narrow-clawed crayfish, Pontastacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) Aquacult Nutr 2023 10.1155/2023/9183346
Gibson GR Roberfroid MB Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics J Nutr 1995 125 1401 1412 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmt1ajsrY%3D 10.1093/jn/125.6.1401 7782892
Cerezuela R Meseguer J Esteban MA Current knowledge in synbiotic use for fish aquaculture: a review J Aquac Res Dev 2011 10.4172/2155-9546.S1-008
Hoseinifar SH Mirvaghefi A Amoozegar MA Sharifian M Esteban MA Modulation of the innate immune response, mucosal parameters and disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) upon synbiotic feeding Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015 45 27 32 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXlslCktr4%3D 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.029 25827628
Dawood MA Koshio S Ishikawa M Yokoyama S Interaction effects of dietary supplementation of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum and β-glucan on growth performance, digestibility and immune response of juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015 45 33 42 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXis1amsbc%3D 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.033 25661844
Saleh AA Amber K El-Magd MA Atta MS Mohammed AA Ragab MM El-Kader A Integrative effects of feeding Aspergillus awamori and fructooligosaccharide on growth performance and digestibility in broilers: promotion of muscle protein metabolism Biomed Res Int 2014 2014 1 8 10.1155/2014/946859
Dawood MA Koshio S Recent advances in the role of probiotics and prebiotics in carp aquaculture: a review Aquaculture 2016 454 243 251 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XmtFeqtw%3D%3D 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.12.033
Ringø E Song SK Application of dietary supplements (synbiotics and probiotics in combination with plant products and β-glucans) in aquaculture Aquac Nutr 2016 22 4 24 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XnsFCiuw%3D%3D 10.1111/anu.12349
Okey IB Gabriel UU Deekae SN The use of synbiotics (prebiotic and probiotic) in aquaculture development Sumerianz J Biotechnol 2018 1 51 60
Hai NV The use of probiotics in aquaculture J Appl Microbiol 2015 119 917 935 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2MbnvVChug%3D%3D 10.1111/jam.12886 26119489
Mazzola G Aloisio I Biavati B Di Gioia D Development of a synbiotic product for newborns and infants LWT Food Sci Technol 2015 64 727 734 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtl2hsLfP 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.06.033
Lim EJ Abd Rahim MH Fermentation for enhanced biosynthesis and bioavailability of micronutrients, prebiotics, bioactive peptides and functional fatty acids in food products Int J Adv Res Food Sci Agric Technol 2025 4 1 9 27 10.37934/fsat.4.1.927a
Afsharnia A Cai Y Nauta A Groeneveld A Folkerts G Wösten MM Braber S In vivo evidence on the emerging potential of non-digestible oligosaccharides as therapeutic agents in bacterial and viral infections Nutrients 2025 17 6 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXnvFGgt70%3D 10.3390/nu17061068 40292455 11945282 1068
