The importance of market gardeners’ characteristics, distribution channels and food supply chain challenges for the viability of their farms: insights from a territorial study in Belgium - 2025
The importance of market gardeners’ characteristics, distribution channels and food supply chain challenges for the viability of their farms: insights from a territorial study in Belgium
agroecology; challenges; local; short food supply chains; Vegetables; viability; Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment; Development; Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract :
[en] In Northwestern Europe, while market gardening farms mostly align with agroecological principles, their viability is questioned. Conducted as part of a Participatory Action Research, our study explores the viability of 18 market gardeners in Coeur de Condroz (Belgium). Through semi-structured interviews, we identified four factors (i.e. working conditions, collaboration among farmers, distribution channel choice, and farmers’ aspirations) and five systemic issues (i.e. land availability, skilled workforce scarcity, inadequate training, consumer behavior, and lack of political recognition) affecting the viability of market gardening farms. Our results highlight the value of approaches incorporating farmers’ perspectives to study and support agroecological supply chains.
Disciplines :
Agriculture & agronomy Production, distribution & supply chain management
Author, co-author :
Biot, Nicolas ; Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium ; Geography Department, University of Namur, Institute of Life, Earth, and Environment (ILEE), Namur, Belgium
Hecquet, Corentin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences et gestion de l'environnement (Arlon Campus Environnement) > Gouvernance de l'environnement dans une perspective de développement durable
Maréchal, Kevin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Modélisation et développement
Lobet, Guillaume ; Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Dendoncker, Nicolas; Geography Department, University of Namur, Institute of Life, Earth, and Environment (ILEE), Namur, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
The importance of market gardeners’ characteristics, distribution channels and food supply chain challenges for the viability of their farms: insights from a territorial study in Belgium
Anderson CR, Bruil J, Chappell MJ, Kiss C, Pimbert MP., 2019. From transition to domains of transformation: getting to sustainable and just food systems through agroecology. Sustainability. 11(19), Article 19. 5272. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195272
Apaq W. 2022. Informations générales sur les légumes wallons | l’Apaq-W. https://www.apaqw.be/fr/informations-generales-sur-les-legumes-wallons
Bååth J. 2022. How alternative foods become affordable: the co-construction of economic value on a direct-to-customer market. J Rural Stud. 94:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.05.017
Béné C, et al. 2019. When food systems meet sustainability–Current narratives and implications for actions. World development. 113:116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.011
Boni Z. (2019). Pressure cooker: why home cooking won’t solve our problems and what we can do about it: by Sarah Bowen, Joslyn Brenton, and Sinikka Elliott, New York, NY, USA, Oxford University Press, 2019, p 352 ISBN-10: 0190663294. ISBN-13: 978-0190663292. Food, culture & society, 22(5): 719‑720. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528014.2019.1658155
Brailas A, Tragou E, Papachristopoulos K. 2023. Introduction to qualitative data analysis and coding with QualCoder. AM J Qualitative Res. 7(3):19–31. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/13230
Braun V, Clarke V. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Res Phychol. 3(2):77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Casleton E, Nordman DJ, Kaiser MS. 2022. Modeling transitivity in local structure graph models. Sankhya A. 84(1):389–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13171-021-00264-1
Chaussebourg L, Maughan N, Visser M, Maréchal K. 2025. Intermediary objects in transdisciplinary research: a podcast to foster alternative grain-to-bread chains in Wallonia. Sustain Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-025-01742-3
Chiffoleau Y. 2019. Les circuits courts alimentaires: Entre marché et innovation sociale. Erès éditions.
Chiffoleau Y, Akermann G, Canard A. 2017. Les circuits courts alimentaires, un levier pour une consommation plus durable ? Le cas d’un marché de plein vent. Terrains & travaux. 31(2):157–177. https://doi.org/10.3917/tt.031.0157
Chiffoleau Y, Millet-Amrani S, Rossi A, Rivera-Ferre MG, Merino PL. 2019. The participatory construction of new economic models in short food supply chains. J Rural Stud. 68:182–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.019
Cochet H. 2015. Controverses sur l’efficacité économique des agricultures familiales: Indicateurs pour une comparaison rigoureuse avec d’autres agricultures. Revue Tiers Monde. 221(1):9–25. https://doi.org/10.3917/rtm.221.0009
Comps S, Jean-Jacques C, Marc V, Eléonore H, Philippe L. 2011. Local food systems in Walloon region (Belgium): definition and trends in supply and demand. In ERSA conference papers (No. ersa11p757; ERSA Conference Papers). Barcelona, Spain. European Regional Science Association. https://ideas.repec.org/p/wiw/wiwrsa/ersa11p757.html
Cuéllar-Padilla M, Calle-Collado Á. 2011. Can we find solutions with people? Participatory action research with small organic producers in Andalusia. J Rural Stud. 27(4):372–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.08.004
David C, Mundler P, Demarle O, Ingrand S. 2010. Long-term strategies and flexibility of organic farmers in Southeastern France. Int J Agric Sustainability. 8(4):305–318. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2010.0497
De Schutter O. 2017. The political economy of food systems reform. Eur Rev Agric Econ. 44(4):705–731. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbx009
Drottberger A, Melin M, Lundgren L. 2021. Alternative food networks in food system transition—values, motivation, and capacity building among young Swedish market gardeners. Sustainability. 13(8):4502. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084502
Dumont A. 2017. Analyse systémique des conditions de travail et d’emploi dans la production de légumes pour le marché du frais en Région wallonne (Belgique), dans une perspective de transition agroécologique. UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain. https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:192704
Dumont A, Baret P. 2017. Why working conditions are a key issue of sustainability in agriculture? A comparison between agroecological, organic and conventional vegetable systems. J Rural Stud. 56:53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.07.007
Dumont A, Gasselin P, Baret PV. 2020. Transitions in agriculture: Three frameworks highlighting coexistence between a new agroecological configuration and an old, organic and conventional configuration of vegetable production in Wallonia (Belgium). Geoforum. 108:98–109. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.11.018
Duncan J, Pascucci S. 2017. Mapping the organisational forms of networks of alternative food networks: implications for transition. Sociologia Ruralis. 57(3):316–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12167
Duru M, et al. 2015. How to implement biodiversity-based agriculture to enhance ecosystem services: a review. Agron Sustain Dev. 35(4):1259–1281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0306-1
Egli L, Rüschhoff J, Priess J. 2023. A systematic review of the ecological, social and economic sustainability effects of community-supported agriculture. Front Sustain Food Syst. 7:7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1136866
El Bilali H. 2019. The multi-level perspective in research on sustainability transitions in agriculture and food systems: a systematic review. Agriculture. 9(4), Article 4. 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9040074
Enthoven L, Skambracks M, Van den Broeck G. 2023. Improving the design of local short food supply chains: farmers’ views in Wallonia, Belgium. J Rural Stud. 97:573–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.01.016
Enthoven L, Van den Broeck G. 2021. Local food systems: Reviewing two decades of research. Agric Syst. 193:103226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103226
Escalante CL, Santos FIM, (Éds). (2010. Differentiation in farm labor complement profiles of organic and conventional farms in the Southeast: coping with a changing farm labor market. Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.61359
European Commission. 2020. Farm to fork strategy. https://ec.europa.eu/food/horizontal-topics/farm-fork-strategy_en
Feldmann C, Hamm U. 2015. Consumers’ perceptions and preferences for local food: a review. Food Qual Preference. 40:152–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.09.014
Geels FW. 2011. The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions: Responses to seven criticisms. Environ Innov Societal Transitions. 1(1):24–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2011.02.002
Gliessman S. 2016. Transforming food systems with agroecology. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst. 40(3):187–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2015.1130765
Guillot L, Blatrix C. 2021. Food, state and territories: dissemination and recognition of territorial food projects in France (2014—2021). Geographie Economie Soc. 23(4):437–459. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.3166/ges.2021.0017
Guzmán GI, López D, Román L, Alonso AM. 2013. Participatory action research in agroecology: building local organic food networks in Spain. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst. 37(1):127–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2012.718997
Halleux J-M, Leinfelder H. 2025. Land policy in Belgium: how to limit land take in a “landowners’ paradise”? In: Hartmann T, Hengstermann A, Jehling M, Schindelegger A, Wenner F, editors. Land policies in Europe. Springer Nature Switzerland. p 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-83725-8_3
Hermesse J, Van der Linden M, Plateau L. 2020. Le bénévolat, un soutien au maraîchage professionnel agroécologique en phase d’installation. [VertigO] La Revue électronique en Sci de l’Environnement, 20, en Ligne. 20-1. https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.28009
Huddart Kennedy E, Baumann S, Johnston J. 2019. Eating for taste and eating for change: ethical consumption as a high-status practice. Soc Forces. 98(1):381–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy113
IPBES-Food, IFOAM, Agroecology Europe, FiBL Europe, & Regeneration International. 2021. A unifying framework for food systems transformation. A call for governments, private companies & civil society to adopt 13 key principles. https://ipes-food.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/sfsENhq.pdf
IPES-Food. 2016. From uniformity to diversity: a paradigm shift from industrial agriculture to diversified agroecological systems. International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems. http://www.ipes-food.org/
Lamine C, Chiffoleau Y. 2016. Reconnecter agriculture et alimentation dans les territoires: Dynamiques et défis. Pour. 232(4):225–232. https://doi.org/10.3917/pour.232.0225
Lamine C, Garçon L, Brunori G. 2019. Territorial agrifood systems: a Franco-Italian contribution to the debates over alternative food networks in rural areas. J Rural Stud. 68:159–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.11.007
Lanciano E, Bon N, Hérault-Fournier C, Aubrée P. 2010décembre9. Diversité des logiques de travail dans les exploitations maraîchères en circuits courts. 4ièmes journées de recherche en sciences sociales -. INRA SFER CIRAD. https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00676845
Landais E. 1998. Agriculture durable: Les fondements d’un nouveau contrat social?Le Courrier de l’Environnement de l’INRA. 33(33):5–22.
Latruffe L, et al. 2016. Measurement of sustainability in agriculture: a review of indicators. Stud Agr Econ. 118(3):123–130. https://doi.org/10.7896/j.1624
LeRoux MN, Schmit TM, Roth M, Streeter DH. 2010. Evaluating marketing channel options for small-scale fruit and vegetable producers. Renew Agric Food Syst. 25(1):16–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170509990275
López-García D, et al. 2021. Building agroecology with people. Challenges of participatory methods to deepen on the agroecological transition in different contexts. J Rural Stud. 83:257–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.02.003
Louah L. 2020. The nature of farming: peasantness and entrepreneurship revisited through the lens of diverging survival strategies of farms within the same micro-territory, Wallonia, Belgium. ULB Institutional Repository, Article 2013/312533. https://ideas.repec.org//p/ulb/ulbeco/2013-312533.html
Magaldi D, Berler M. 2020. Semi-structured interviews. In: Zeigler-Hill V, Shackelford TK, editors. Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. Springer International Publishing. p. 4825–4830. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_857
Maréchal K, Plateau L, Holzemer L. 2019. La durabilité des circuits courts, une question d’échelle? L’importance de court-circuiter les schémas classiques d’analyse. Économie Rurale Agricultures, Alimentations, Territoires. 367(367):Article 367. https://doi.org/10.4000/economierurale.6487
Maughan C, Anderson CR. 2023. “A shared human endeavor”: farmer participation and knowledge co-production in agroecological research. Front Sustain Food Syst. 7:7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1162658
Mazoyer M, Roudart L. 2002. Histoire des agricultures du monde: Du néolithique à la crise contemporaine. Éd. du Seuil (Nouv. éd.
Morel K. 2016. Viabilité des microfermes maraîchères biologiques. Une étude inductive combinant méthodes qualitatives et modélisation. (p. 353 p.) [Phdthesis, Université [Paris Saclay (COmUE)]. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02801554
Morel K, Léger F. 2016. A conceptual framework for alternative farmers’ strategic choices: The case of French organic market gardening microfarms. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst. 40(5):466–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2016.1140695
Mundler P, Rumpus L. 2012. The energy efficiency of local food systems: a comparison between different modes of distribution. Food policy. 37(6): pp 609–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.07.006
Navarrete M. 2009. How do farming systems cope with marketing channel requirements in organic horticulture? The case of market-gardening in southeastern France. J Sustain Agriculture. 33(5):552–565. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440040902997785
Navarrete M, Dupré L, Lamine C. 2015. Crop management, labour organization, and marketing: Three key issues for improving sustainability in organic vegetable farming. Int J Agric Sustainability. 13(3):257–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2014.959341
Newman MEJ, Girvan M. 2004. Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. Phys Rev E. 69(2):026113. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.026113
Oliveira AR, Galván GH. 2023. The transformations of the food acquisition program (PAA) in Goiás, Brazil (2010-2020): limits and possibilities for food sovereignty construction. Atelie Geografico. 17(2): 32–57. https://doi.org/10.5216/ag.v17i2.75620
Palomo-Campesino S, et al. 2022. Do agroecological practices enhance the supply of ecosystem services? A comparison between agroecological and conventional horticultural farms. Ecosystem Serv. 57:101474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2022.101474
Park P, (Éd). (1993. Voices of change: participatory research in the United States and Canada. Bergin & Garvey.
Pays des Tiges et Chavées. 2024. Conseil de politique alimentaire Cœur de Condroz. Pays des Tiges et Chavées. https://www.tiges-chavees.be/alimentation-agriculture/conseil-de-politique-alimentaire/
Pépin A. 2022. Performance environnementale de fermes maraîchères en agriculture biologique. Agronomie. Institut Agro - Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, 2022. Français. NNT:. tel-03934999. https://hal.inrae.fr/tel-03934999.
Plateau L, et al. 2019. La viabilité du maraîchage urbain à l’épreuve de l’installation professionnelle. Cah Agric. 28:6. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2019005
Plateau L, Roudart L, Hudon M, Maréchal K. 2021. Opening the organisational black box to grasp the difficulties of agroecological transition. An empirical analysis of tensions in agroecological production cooperatives. Ecol Econ. 185:107048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107048
Prové C, de Krom MPMM, Dessein J. 2019. Politics of scale in urban agriculture governance: A transatlantic comparison of food policy councils. J. Rural Stud. 68: 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.018
R Core Team. 2023. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/
Renting H, Marsden TK, Banks J. 2003. Understanding alternative food networks: Exploring the role of short food supply chains in rural development. Environ Plan A. 35(3):393–411. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3510
Riera A, Antier C, Baret P. 2020. The vegetable sector in the Walloon region: Current situation and scenarios towards 2050. Sytra. https://sytra.be/publication/vegetable-sector-wallonia/
Ritchie H, Rosado P, Roser M. 2022. Environmental impacts of food production. Our World Data. https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food
RwDR. 2022. Quelles stratégies pour le maraîchage durable sur petites et moyennes surfaces en Wallonie d’ici 2030? Enseignements Recommandations. https://walakis.be/fr/ressources/carnet-du-reseau-ndeg11-maraichage.
Schiff R, Levkoe CZ, Wilkinson A. 2022. Food policy councils: A 20—year scoping review (1999–2019). Front Sustain Food Syst. 6. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.868995
SPF. 2023. Statistiques de population—population—direction générale Identité et Affaires citoyennes. https://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fr/population/statistiques-de-population/
SPF Emplois. 2021. Salaires minimums par (sous-)commission paritaire. Service public fédéral Emploi, Travail et Concertation sociale. https://salairesminimums.be/document.html?jcId=cb1799a02cbf457dbfd405470c36c19e&date=01/10/2021
Spicka J, Hlavsa T, Soukupova K, Stolbova M. 2019. Approaches to estimation the farm-level economic viability and sustainability in agriculture: A literature review. Agric Econ Czech. 65(6):289–297. https://doi.org/10.17221/269/2018-AGRICECON
SPW. 2021. Plan stratégique PAC - 2023-2027—Portail de l’agriculture wallonne. Agriculture en Wallonie. http://agriculture.wallonie.be/cms/render/live/fr/sites/agriculture/home/politique-economie/plan-strategique-pac-2023-2027.html
SPW. 2022avril1. Régions agricoles de Wallonie. Portail agriculture.wallonie.be. https://etat-agriculture.wallonie.be/contents/indicatorsheets/EAW-A_I_d_2.html#
Stassart PM, et al. 2018. The generative potential of tensions within Belgian agroecology. Sustainability. 10(6):2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062094
Statbel. 2022. Occupation du sol selon le registre cadastral | Statbel. https://statbel.fgov.be/fr/themes/construction-logement/occupation-du-sol-selon-le-registre-cadastral#figures
Stoeva S, et al. 2024. Understanding collaboration in short food supply chains: A focus on collaborative relationships, interaction mechanisms and relational benefits. Agric Econ. 12(1):49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-024-00344-4
Šūmane S, et al. 2018. Local and farmers’ knowledge matters! How integrating informal and formal knowledge enhances sustainable and resilient agriculture. J Rural Stud. 59:232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.01.020
Tandon R. 2000. Civil society, adult learning and action in India. Convergence. 33(1-2):120-137. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000207834
Van der Ploeg JD, et al. 2019. The economic potential of agroecology: Empirical evidence from Europe. J Rural Stud. 71:46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.09.003
Wezel A, et al. 2009. Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. 29(4):503–515. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009004
Wezel A, et al. 2020. Agroecological principles and elements and their implications for transitioning to sustainable food systems. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 40(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00646-z