[en] A fully-habituated and nonorganogenic (HNO) sugar beet callus was previously shown to overproduce polyamines, as compared with a normal (N) auxin- and cytokinin-dependent callus of the same strain. Because relationships were established between polyamine levels and metabolism with different growth and development processes, some key enzymes in the metabolic pathways of polyamines were investigated in the HNO callus, and their involvement in growth appraised. Putrescine was found to be the major free and conjugated polyamine in the HNO callus. It was biosynthesised preferentially via ornithine and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), which is in agreement with the surplus of synthesised ornithine. Diamine (DAO) and polyamine (PAO)-oxidase activities were also highest in the HNO callus, as compared with the normal, with DAO being the more active. Transglutaminase activities (+/- Ca) were also higher in HNO than in normal callus. Addition of different polyamines or of inhibitors of their biosynthesis to the culture medium of the HNO callus modified the level of endogenous polyamines and affected callus growth. The results thus pointed out a higher polyamine metabolism, particularly of putrescine, in the actively growing auxin- and cytokinin-independent callus than in the normal one. They also provided evidence for the sensitivity of a habituated tissue type towards this class of growth regulators.
AUDISIO, S., N. BAGNI, and D. SERAFINI-FRACASSINI: Polyamines during the growth in vitro of Nicotiana glauca R. Graph habituated tissue. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 77, 146-151 (1976).
AUVINEN, M., A. PAASINEN, L. C. ANDERSSON, and E. HOLTTA: Ornithine decarboxylase activity is critical for cell transformation. Nature 360, 355-356 (1992),
BAGNI, N. and P. TORRIGIANI: Polyamines: A new class of growth substances. In: KARSSEN, C. M., L. C. VAN LOON, and D. VREUGDENHIL (eds.): Progress in Plant Growth Regulation, pp. 264-275. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992).
BEDNAR, T. W. and E. M. LINSMAIER-BEDNAR: Chemical carcinogenesis in plants and interaction with viruses and cancer causation. In: KAISER, H. E. (ed.): Comparative Aspects of Tumor Development, pp. 240-255. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1989).
BIONDI, S., D. HAGÈGE, P. ROSSINI, and N. BAGNI: Polyamine metabolism and ethylene biosynthesis in normal and habituated sugar beet callus. Physiol. Plant. 89, 699-706 (1993).
BISBIS, B., C. KEVERS, and TH. GASPAR: Atypical TCA cycle and replenishment in a non-photosynthetic fully habituated sugar beet callus overproducing polyamines. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 35, 363-368 (1997).
BRADFORD, M. M.: A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72, 248-254 (1976).
DE GREEF, W. and M. JACOBS: In vitro culture of the sugarbeet: Description of a cell line with high regeneration capacity. Plant Sci. Lett. 17, 55-61 (1979).
DEL DUCA, S., V. TIDU, R. BASSI, C. ESPOSITO, and D. SERAFINI-FRACASSINI: Identification of Chl a/b proteins as substrates of transglutaminase activity in isolated chloroplast of Helianthus tuberosus L. Planta 193, 283-289 (1994).
EVANS, P. T. and R. L. MALMBERG: Do polyamines have roles in plant development? Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40, 235-269 (1989).
FLORES, H. and P. FILNER: Metabolic relationships of putrescine, GABA and alkaloids in cell and root cultures. In: NEWMAN, K., W. BARZ, and E. REINHARD (eds.): Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Plant Cell Cultures, pp. 37-42. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY (1985).
FOLK, J. E.: Transglutaminases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49, 517-531 (1980).
GALSTON, A. W., R. KAUR-SAWHNEY, T. ALTABELLA, and A. F. TIBURCIO: Plant polyamines in reproductive activity and response to abiotic stress. Bot. Acta (1997) (In press).
HADDOX, M. K. and H. D. RUSSEL: Increased nuclear conjugated polyamines and transglutaminase during liver regeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 1712-1716 (1981).
HAGÈGE, D., C. KEVERS, J. GEUNS, and TH. GASPAR: Ethylene production and polyamine content of fully habituated sugarbeet calli. J. Plant Physiol. 143, 722-725 (1994).
HAUSMAN, J. F., C. KEVERS, D. EVERS, and TH. GASPAR: Conversion of putrescine into γ-aminobutyric acid, an essential pathway for root formation by poplar shoots in vitro. In: ALTMAN, A. and Y. WAISEL (eds.): Biology of Root Formation and Development, pp. 133-140. Plenum Press (1997).
KEVERS, C., B. BISBIS, T. FRANCK, F. LE DILY, C. HUAULT, J. P. BILLARD, J. M. FOIDART, and TH. GASPAR: On the possible causes of polyamine accumulation in in vitro plant tissues under neoplasic progression. In: GREPPIN, H., C. PENEL, and P. SIMON (eds.): Travelling Shot on Plant Development, pp. 63-71. Univ. of Geneva, Switzerland (1997).
LE DILY, F., J. P. BILLARD, T. GASPAR, and C. HUAULT: Disturbed nitrogen metabolism associated with the hyperhydric status of fully habituated callus of sugarbeet. Physiol. Plant. 88, 129-134 (1993).
MARTIN-TANGUY, J.: Conjugated polyamines and reproductive development: Biochemical, molecular and physiological approaches. Physiol. Plant. 100, 675-688 (1997).
MARTIN-TANGUY, J., M. ARIBAUD, TH. GASPAR, C. PENEL, and H. GREPPIN: Polyamine metabolism, floral initiation and floral development in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat). Saussurea 27, 67-81 (1996).
MARTIN-TANGUY, J., M. ARIBAUD, M. CARRÉ, and TH. GASPAR: ODC-mediated biosynthesis and DAO-mediated catabolism of putrescine involved in rooting of Chrysanthemum explants in vitro. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 35, 595-602 (1997).
MEHDY, M.: Active oxygen species in plant defense against pathogens. Plant Physiol. 105, 467-472 (1994).
PENGELLY, W. L.: Neoplasic progression in plants. In: KAISER, H. E. (ed.): Comparative Aspects of Tumor Development, pp. 15-23. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1989).
PERIN, A., A. SESA, and M. DESIDERIO: Diamine oxidase in regenerating and hypertrophic tissues. In: MONDOVI, B. (ed.): Structure and Function of Amine Oxidase, pp. 179-186. CRC Press, Boca Raton (1985).
PORCIANI, S., A. BECCIOLINI, A. LANINI, M. BALZI, P. BOANINI, P. MAURI, and A. MANGERI: Polyamines and proliferative activity in tumour tissues. Cell Prolif. 26, 490-496 (1993).
RAMPUTH, A. I. and A. W. BROWN: Rapid 7-aminobutyric acid synthesis and the inhibition of the growth and development of oblique-banded leaf-roller larvae. Plant Physiol. 111, 1349-1352 (1996).
SERAFINI-FRACASSINI, D., S. DEL DUCA, and S. BENINATI: Plant transglutaminases. Phytochemistry 40, 355-365 (1995).
TABOR, H. and C. TABOR: Polyamines in microorganisms. Microbiol. Rev., 49-81 (1985).
TIBURCIO, A. F., T. ALTABELLA, A. BORRELL, and C. MASGRAU: Polyamine metabolism and its regulation. Physiol. Plant. 100, 664-674 (1997).
WALTER, H. and J. GEUNS: High speed HPLC analysis of polyamines in plant tissues. Plant Physiol. 83, 232-234 (1987).