Planets and satellites: detection; Planets and satellites: formation; Stars: individual: TOI-2015; Gravitational interaction; High-precision; Neptune; Orbital periods; Photometric data; Planets and satellites: detections; Radial velocity measurements; Star: individual: TOI-2015; Stars: individual: proxima Centauri; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
TOI-2015 is a known exoplanetary system around an M4 dwarf star, consisting of a transiting sub-Neptune planet in a 3.35-day orbital period, TOI-2015 b, accompanied by a non-transiting companion, TOI-2015 c. High-precision radial-velocity measurements were taken with the MAROON-X spectrograph, and high-precision photometric data were collected, primarily using the SPECULOOS, MUSCAT, TRAPPIST and LCOGT networks. We collected 63 transit light curves and 49 different transit epochs for TOI-2015 b. We recharacterized the target star by combining optical spectra obtained by the MAROON-X, Shane/KAST and IRTF/SpeX spectrographs, Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and spectral energy distribution (SED) analysis. The TOI-2015 host star is a K = 10.3 mag M4-type dwarf with a subsolar metallicity of [Fe/H] =-0.31 ± 0.16, and an effective temperature of Teff ≈ 3200 K. Our photodynamical analysis of the system strongly favors the 5:3 mean-motion resonance and in this scenario the planet b (TOI-2015 b) has an orbital period of Pb = 3.34 days, a mass of Mp = 9.02-0.36+0.32M⊕, and a radius of Rp = 3.309-0.011+0.013R⊕, resulting in a density of ρp = 0.25 ± 0.01 ρ⊕ = 1.40 ± 0.06 g cm-3; this is indicative of a Neptune-like composition. Its transits exhibit large (> 1 hr) timing variations characteristic of an outer perturber in the system. We performed a global analysis of the high-resolution radial-velocity measurements, the photometric data, and the TTVs, and inferred that TOI-2015 hosts a second planet, TOI-2015 c, in a non-transiting configuration. Our analysis places it near a 5:3 resonance with an orbital period of Pc = 5.583 days and a mass of Mp = 8.91-0.40+0.38M⊕. The dynamical configuration of TOI-2015 b and TOI-2015 c can be used to constrain the system's planetary formation and migration history. Based on the mass-radius composition models, TOI-2015 b is a water-rich or rocky planet with a hydrogen-helium envelope. Moreover, TOI-2015 b has a high transmission-spectroscopic metric (TSM=149), making it a favorable target for future transmission spectroscopic observations with the JWST to constrain the atmospheric composition of the planet. Such observations would also help to break the degeneracies in theoretical models of the planet's interior structure.
Precision for document type :
Review article
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Barkaoui, Khalid ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain
Korth, J. ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Gaidos, E. ; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, United States ; Institute for Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Agol, E. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States ; NExSS Virtual Planetary Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
Parviainen, H. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Pozuelos, F.J. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Granada, Spain
Palle, E. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Narita, N. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Komaba Institute for Science, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan ; Astrobiology Center, Mitaka, Japan
Grimm, S. ; Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland ; Department of Astrophysics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Brady, M. ; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Bean, J.L.; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Morello, G. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Granada, Spain ; INAF-Palermo Astronomical Observatory, Palermo, Italy
Rackham, B.V. ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Burgasser, A.J. ; Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, UC San Diego, United States
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Rojas-Ayala, B. ; Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
Seifahrt, A.; Gemini Observatory/NSF NOIRLab, Hilo, United States
Marfil, E. ; Departamento de Ingeniería Topográfica y Cartografía, E.T.S.I. en Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Passegger, V.M. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain ; Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Hilo, United States ; Hamburger Sternwarte, Hamburg, Germany
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Collins, K.A. ; Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Shporer, A.; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Giacalone, S.; Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Yalçinkaya, Selçuk ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization ; Department of Astronomy & Space Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey ; Ankara University, Astronomy and Space Sciences Research and Application Center (Kreiken Observatory), Ankara, Turkey
Ducrot, E.; AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Timmermans, Mathilde ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization
Triaud, A.H.M.J. ; School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
De Wit, J.; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Soubkiou, Abderahmane ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Astrobiology ; Oukaimeden Observatory, High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
Watkins, C.N.; Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Aganze, C.; Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
Alonso, R. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Amado, P.J. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Granada, Spain
Basant, R. ; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Baştürk, Ö.; Department of Astronomy & Space Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey ; Ankara University, Astronomy and Space Sciences Research and Application Center (Kreiken Observatory), Ankara, Turkey
Benkhaldoun, Z. ; Oukaimeden Observatory, High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
Burdanov, A.; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Calatayud-Borras, Y.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Chouqar, Jamila ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization ; Oukaimeden Observatory, High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
Conti, D.M. ; American Association of Variable Star Observers, Cambridge, United States
Collins, K.I. ; George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
Delrez, Laetitia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization
Dressing, C.D.; Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
De Leon, J.; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan
Dévora-Pajares, M.; Dpto. Física Teórica y Del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
Demory, B.O.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Dransfield, G. ; School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
Esparza-Borges, E.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Fernández-Rodriguez, G.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Fukuda, I. ; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan
Fukui, A.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Komaba Institute for Science, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan
Gallardo, P.P.M.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Garcia, Lionel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization ; Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, United States
Garcia, N.A.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Ghachoui, Mourad ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > COMets METeors and Asteroids (COMETA) ; Oukaimeden Observatory, High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
Geraldía-González, S. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Gómez Maqueo Chew, Y. ; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía, Ciudad de México, Mexico
González-Rodríguez, J. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Günther, M.N. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Hayashi, Y.; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan
Horne, K. ; SUPA Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
Hooton, M.J. ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Hsu, C.C. ; Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
Ikuta, K.; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan
Isogai, K.; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan ; Okayama Observatory, Kyoto University, Asakuchi, Japan
Jehin, Emmanuel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Jenkins, J.M. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Kawauchi, K.; Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
Kagetani, T.; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan
Kawai, Y.; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan
Kasper, D.; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Kielkopf, J.F.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, United States
Klagyivik, P. ; Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Geological Sciences, Berlin, Germany
Lacedelli, G. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain
Latham, D.W. ; Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Libotte, F.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Sabadell Astronomical Society, Sabadell, Spain ; Europlanet Society, Department of Planetary Atmospheres, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
Luque, R. ; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Livingston, J.H.; Astrobiology Center, Mitaka, Japan ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Japan ; Astronomical Science Program, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mitaka, Japan
Mancini, L. ; Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy ; INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Turin, Pino Torinese, Italy ; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Massey, B. ; Villa '39 Observatory, Landers, United States
Mori, M. ; Astrobiology Center, Mitaka, Japan ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Japan
Muñoz Torres, S. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Murgas, F. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Niraula, P.; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Orell-Miquel, J.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Rapetti, David ; Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science, Universities Space Research Association, Washington, United States ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Rebolo-López, R. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Ricker, G.; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Papini, R. ; Wild Boar Remote Observatory, Firenze, Italy
Pedersen, P.P.; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Peláez-Torres, A. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Granada, Spain
Pérez-Prieto, J.A.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain
Poultourtzidis, E.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Rodriguez, P.M.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Queloz, D.; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Savel, A.B.; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, United States
Schanche, N.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Sánchez-Benavente, M.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Sibbald, L.; 7 Skies Observatory, Cypress County, Alberta, RASC (Royal Astronomical Society of Canada), Canada
Sefako, R. ; South African Astronomical Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
Sohy, Sandrine ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Sota, A. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Granada, Spain
Schwarz, R.P. ; Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Seager, S. ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain ; Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, UC San Diego, United States ; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, United States
Sebastian, D. ; School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
Southworth, J. ; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Stangret, M.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Stefánsson, G.; Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Stürmer, J.; Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Thompson, S.J. ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Terada, Y.; Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Vanderspek, R.; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Wang, G.; Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
Watanabe, N.; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan
Wilkin, F.P. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Union College, Schenectady, United States
Winn, J. ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
Wells, R.D.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Ziegler, C.; Department of Physics, Engineering and Astronomy, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, United States
The postdoctoral fellowship of KB is funded by F.R.S.-FNRS grant T.0109.20 and by the Francqui Foundation. MG and EJ are F.R.S.-FNRSResearch Directors. This publication benefits from the support of the French Community of Belgium in the context of the FRIA Doctoral Grantawarded to MT. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA's Science Mission Directorate. KAC and CNW acknowledge support from theTESS mission via subaward s3449 from MIT. This paper made use of data collected by the TESS mission, obtained from the Mikulski Archive forSpace Telescopes MAST data archive at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASAExplorer Program. STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center.Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing(NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This research has made use of the ExoplanetFollow-up Observation Program (ExoFOP; DOI: 10.26134/ExoFOP5) website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, undercontract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. J.d.W. and MIT gratefully acknowledgefinancial support from the Heising-Simons Foundation, Dr. and Mrs. Colin Masson and Dr. Peter A. Gilman for Artemis, the first telescopeof the SPECULOOS network situated in Tenerife, Spain. The ULiege's contribution to SPECULOOS has received funding from the EuropeanResearch Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) (grant Agreement no 336480/SPECULOOS), fromthe Balzan Prize and Francqui Foundations, from the Belgian Scientific Research Foundation (F.R.S.-FNRS; grant no T.0109.20), from the Universityof Liege, and from the ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. The research leadingto these results has received funding from the ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions, financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. TRAPPISTis funded by the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (Fond National de la Recherche Scientifique, FNRS) under the grant PDR T.0120.21.TRAPPIST-North is a project funded by the University of Liege (Belgium), in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakech (Morocco).The ULiege's contribution to SPECULOOS has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's SeventhFramework Programme (FP/2007-2013) (grant Agreement no 336480/SPECULOOS), from the Balzan Prize and Francqui Foundations, from theBelgian Scientific Research Foundation (F.R.S.-FNRS; grant no T.0109.20), from the University of Liege, and from the ARC grant for ConcertedResearch Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. This work is supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grantnumber 327127). J.d.W. and MIT gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Heising-Simons Foundation, Dr. and Mrs. Colin Massonand Dr. Peter A. Gilman for Artemis, the first telescope of the SPECULOOS network situated in Tenerife, Spain. This work is supported by theSwiss National Science Foundation (PP00P2-163967, PP00P2-190080 and the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS). This workhas received fund from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme(grant agreement no 803193/BEBOP), from the MERAC foundation, and from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; grant noST/S00193X/1). This work is based upon observations carried out at the Observatorio Astron\u00F3mico Nacional on the Sierra de San Pedro M\u00E1rtir(OAN-SPM), Baja California, M\u00E9xico. SAINT-EX observations and team were supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P2-163967 and PP00P2-190080), the Centre for Space and Habitability (CSH) of the University of Bern, the National Centre for Competence inResearch PlanetS, supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Author F.J.P, P.J.A, A.S. and A.P.T. acknowledge financial supportfrom the Severo Ochoa grant CEX2021-001131-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n throughthe project PID2022-137241NB-C43. Partially based on observations made at the Observatorio de Sierra Nevada (OSN), operated by the Institutode Astroffisica de Andalucfia (IAA-CSIC). This work makes use of observations from the LCOGT network. Part of the LCOGT telescope time wasgranted by NOIRLab through the Mid-Scale Innovations Program (MSIP). MSIP is funded by NSF. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHIGrant Number JP21K13955, JP24H00017, JP24H00248, JP24K00689, JP24K17082 and JP24K17083, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for JSPS FellowsGrant Number JP24KJ0241, Astrobiology Center SATELLITE Research project AB022006, JSPS Bilateral Program Number JPJSBP120249910and JST SPRING, Grant Number JPMJSP2108. This article is based on observations made with the MuSCAT2 instrument, developed by ABC, atTelescopio Carlos S\u00E1nchez operated on the island of Tenerife by the IAC in the Spanish Observatorio del Teide. This paper is based on observationsmade with the MuSCAT3 instrument, developed by the Astrobiology Center and under financial supports by JSPS KAKENHI (JP18H05439)and JST PRESTO (JPMJPR1775), at Faulkes Telescope North on Maui, HI, operated by the Las Cumbres Observatory. We thank T\u00FCrkiye NationalObservatories for the partial support in using T100 telescope with the project number 22BT100-1958. Visiting Astronomer at the Infrared TelescopeFacility, which is operated by the University of Hawaii under contract 80HQTR24DA010 with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.L.M. acknowledges financial contribution from PRIN MUR 2022 project 2022J4H55R. B.V.R. thanks the Heising-Simons Foundation for Support.This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Agreement No. 80NSSC21K0593 for theprogram \"Alien Earths\". The results reported herein benefited from collaborations and/or information exchange within NASA's Nexus for ExoplanetSystem Science (NExSS) research coordination network sponsored by NASA's Science Mission Directorate. BR-A acknowledges funding supportANID Basal project FB210003. Support for this work was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant #HST-HF2-51559.001-Aawarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA,under contract NAS5-26555. VVG is a F.R.S.-FNRS Research Associate. Y.G.M.C acknowledges support from UNAM PAPIIT-IG101224. DRwas supported by NASA under award number NNA16BD14C for NASA Academic Mission Services. We acknowledge financial support from theAgencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \"A way of makingEurope\" through project PID2021-125627OB-C32, and from the Centre of Excellence \"Severo Ochoa\" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica deCanarias. M.S. acknowledges the support of the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF) through the project 'The HOT-ATMOS Project:characterizing the atmospheres of hot giant planets as a key to understand the exoplanet diversity' (1.05.01.85.04). E.E-B. acknowledges financialsupport from the European Union and the State Agency of Investigation of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) under thegrant PRE2020-093107 of the Pre-Doc Program for the Training of Doctors (FPI-SO) through FSE funds. J.S. acknowledges support from STFCunder grant number ST/Y002563/1.
