[en] Sub-daily variations might significantly impact the estimates of GHG emissions from lakes and ponds. The objectives of this study are (i) to quantify sub-daily variations of the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O from two urban ponds (Silex and Pêcheries) in the city of Brussels, (ii) to quantify if the sub-daily variations of GHG emissions were significant compared to their seasonal variations and to inter-pond variations among 20 other ponds in the city of Brussels. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), CH4 concentration, and N2O saturation level (%N2O) were measured hourly from dawn to dusk in the Pêcheries turbid-water pond and in the Silex clear-water pond during the four seasons in 2023-2024. pCO2 followed the day-night cycle of photosynthesis in spring and summer but was more erratic in winter and fall. The variations of CH4 concentration and %N2O were on most occasions erratic and difficult to attribute systematically to specific biogeochemical processes. The sub-daily variations of computed GHG emissions were mostly driven by variability in wind speed that usually peaked around mid-day. The comparison with previously acquired seasonal and inter-pond data (n=22) showed that sub-daily variations of GHG fluxes were lower than seasonal variations, which were in turn lower than inter-pond variations. Consequently, to design sampling strategies to reduce the uncertainty on the estimate of CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions a priority should be given to describe inter-system variability, followed by seasonal variability, and lastly sub-daily variability, in the context of the environmental management of inland waters, including urban ponds.
Research Center/Unit :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège
Disciplines :
Aquatic sciences & oceanology
Author, co-author :
Bauduin, Thomas ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS)
Gypens, Nathalie
Borges, Alberto ✱; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Chemical Oceanography Unit (COU)
✱ These authors have contributed equally to this work.
Language :
English
Title :
Sub-daily variability of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions from two urban ponds in Brussels (Belgium)
American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. sixth ed., 1998, American Public Health Association.
Bauduin, T., Gypens, N., Borges, A.V., Methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions from two clear-water and two turbid-water urban ponds in Brussels (Belgium). Biogeosciences Discussion, 2024, 1–29, 10.5194/egusphere-2024-1315.
Bauduin, T., Gypens, N., Borges, A.V., Seasonal and spatial variations of greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4 and N2O) emissions from urban ponds in Brussels. Water Res. 253 (2024), 1–14, 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121257.
Baulch, H.M., Dillon, P.J., Maranger, R., Venkiteswaran, J.J., Wilson, H.F., Schiff, S.L., Night and day: short‐term variation in nitrogen chemistry and nitrous oxide emissions from streams. Freshw. Biol. 57 (2012), 509–525, 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02720.x.
Bižić, M., Klintzsch, T., Ionescu, D., Hindiyeh, M.Y., Günthel, M., Muro-Pastor, A.M., Eckert, W., Keppler, F., Grossart, H.P., Aquatic and terrestrial cyanobacteria produce methane. Sci. Adv. 6 (2020), 1–9, 10.1126/sciadv.aax5343.
Borges, A.V., Darchambeau, F., Lambert, T., Morana, C., Allen, G.H., Tambwe, E., Sembaito, A.T., Mambo, T., Wabakhangazi, J.N., Descy, J.-P., Teodoru, C., Bouillon, S., Variations in dissolved greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) in the Congo River network overwhelmingly driven by fluvial-wetland connectivity. Biogeosciences 16 (2019), 3801–3834, 10.5194/bg-16-3801-2019.
Borges, A.V., Darchambeau, F., Lambert, T., Bouillon, S., Morana, C., Brouyère, S., Hakoun, V., Jurado, A., Tseng, H.-C., Descy, J.-P., Roland, F.A.E., Effects of agricultural land use on fluvial carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide concentrations in a large European river, the Meuse (Belgium). Sci. Total Environ. 610–611 (2018), 342–355, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.047.
Borges, A.V., Deirmendjian, L., Bouillon, S., Okello, W., Lambert, T., Roland, F.A.E., Razanamahandry, V.F., Voarintsoa, N.R.G., Darchambeau, F., Kimirei, I.A., Descy, J., Allen, G.H., Morana, C., Greenhouse gas emissions from African lakes are no longer a blind spot. Sci. Adv. 8 (2022), 1–17, 10.1126/sciadv.abi8716.
Borges, A.V., Okello, W., Bouillon, S., Deirmendjian, L., Nankabirwa, A., Nabafu, E., Lambert, T., Descy, J.-P., Morana, C., Spatial and temporal variations of dissolved CO2, CH4 and N2O in lakes edward and george (east africa). J. Great Lake. Res. 49 (2023), 229–245, 10.1016/j.jglr.2022.11.010.
Burlacot, A., Richaud, P., Gosset, A., Li-Beisson, Y., Peltier, G., Algal photosynthesis converts nitric oxide into nitrous oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117 (2020), 2704–2709, 10.1073/pnas.1915276117.
Cael, B.B., Heathcote, A.J., Seekell, D.A., The volume and mean depth of Earth's lakes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44 (2017), 209–218, 10.1002/2016GL071378.
Casas-Ruiz, J.P., Hutchins, R.H., del Giorgio, P.A., Total aquatic carbon emissions across the boreal biome of Québec driven by watershed slope. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosciences 126 (2021), 1–18, 10.1029/2020JG005863.
Casas-Ruiz, J.P., Jakobsson, J., del Giorgio, P.A., The role of lake morphometry in modulating surface water carbon concentrations in boreal lakes. Environ. Res. Lett. 16 (2021), 1–11, 10.1088/1748-9326/ac0be3.
Chen, X., Wang, K., Li, X., Qiao, Y., Dong, K., Yang, L., Microcystis blooms aggravate the diurnal alternation of nitrification and nitrate reduction in the water column in Lake Taihu. Sci. Total Environ. 767 (2021), 1–9, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144884.
Clough, T.J., Buckthought, L.E., Kelliher, F.M., Sherlock, R.R., Diurnal fluctuations of dissolved nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations and estimates of N2O emissions from a spring‐fed river: implications for IPCC methodology. Global Change Biol. 13 (2007), 1016–1027, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01337.x.
Cole, J.J., Caraco, N.F., Atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide in a low‐wind oligotrophic lake measured by the addition of SF6. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43 (1998), 647–656, 10.4319/lo.1998.43.4.0647.
De Backer, S., Van Onsem, S., Triest, L., Influence of submerged vegetation and fish abundance on water clarity in peri-urban eutrophic ponds. Hydrobiologia 656 (2010), 255–267, 10.1007/s10750-010-0444-z.
Deemer, B.R., Holgerson, M.A., Drivers of methane flux differ between lakes and reservoirs, complicating global upscaling efforts. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosciences 126 (2021), 1–15, 10.1029/2019JG005600.
DelSontro, T., Beaulieu, J.J., Downing, J.A., Greenhouse gas emissions from lakes and impoundments: upscaling in the face of global change. Limnology and Oceanography Letters 3 (2018), 64–75, 10.1002/lol2.10073.
Dumestre, J.F., Guézennec, J., Galy-Lacaux, C., Delmas, R., Richard, S., Labroue, L., Influence of light intensity on methanotrophic bacterial activity in Petit Saut Reservoir, French Guiana. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (1999), 534–539, 10.1128/AEM.65.2.534-539.1999.
Dutton, G., Elkins II, J., Hall, B., NOAA ESRL, Earth System Research Laboratory Halocarbons and Other Atmospheric Trace Gases Chromatograph for Atmospheric Trace Species (CATS) Measurements. 2017, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 10.7289/V5X0659V.
Erkkilä, K.M., Ojala, A., Bastviken, D., Biermann, T., Heiskanen, J.J., Lindroth, A., Peltola, O., Rantakari, M., Vesala, T., Mammarella, I., Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes over a lake: comparison between eddy covariance, floating chambers and boundary layer method. Biogeosciences 15 (2018), 429–445, 10.5194/bg-15-429-2018.
Fabisik, F., Guieysse, B., Procter, J., Plouviez, M., Nitrous oxide (N2O) synthesis by the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Biogeosciences 20 (2023), 687–693, 10.5194/bg-20-687-2023.
Franz, D., Koebsch, F., Larmanou, E., Augustin, J., Sachs, T., High net CO2 and CH4 release at a eutrophic shallow lake on a formerly drained fen. Biogeosciences 13 (2016), 3051–3070, 10.5194/bg-13-3051-2016.
Golub, M., Koupaei-Abyazani, N., Vesala, T., Mammarella, I., Ojala, A., Bohrer, G., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Blanken, P.D., Eugster, W., Koebsch, F., Chen, J., Czajkowski, K., Deshmukh, C., Guérin, F., Heiskanen, J., Humphreys, E., Jonsson, A., Karlsson, J., Kling, G., Lee, X., Liu, H., Lohila, A., Lundin, E., Morin, T., Podgrajsek, E., Provenzale, M., Rutgersson, A., Sachs, T., Sahlée, E., Serça, D., Shao, C., Spence, C., Strachan, I.B., Xiao, W., Desai, A.R., Diel, seasonal, and inter-annual variation in carbon dioxide effluxes from lakes and reservoirs. Environ. Res. Lett. 18 (2023), 1–14, 10.1088/1748-9326/acb834.
Goreau, T.J., Kaplan, W.A., Wofsy, S.C., McElroy, M.B., Valois, F.W., Watson, S.W., Production of NO2-and N2O by nitrifying bacteria at reduced concentrations of oxygen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40 (1980), 526–532, 10.1128/aem.40.3.526-532.1980.
Grasshoff, K., Johannsen, H., A new sensitive and direct method for the automatic determination of ammonia in sea water. ICES (Int. Counc. Explor. Sea) J. Mar. Sci. 34 (1972), 516–521, 10.1093/icesjms/34.3.516.
Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., Ehrhardt, M., Methods of Seawater Analysis: Determination of Nitrite, 10.2, 2009, John Wiley & Sons, 177–180.
Guérin, F., Abril, G., Serça, D., Delon, C., Richard, S., Delmas, R., Tremblay, A., Varfalvy, L., Gas transfer velocities of CO2 and CH4 in a tropical reservoir and its river downstream. J. Mar. Syst. 66 (2007), 161–172, 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.03.019.
Guieysse, B., Plouviez, M., Coilhac, M., Cazali, L., Nitrous Oxide (N2O) production in axenic Chlorella vulgaris microalgae cultures: evidence, putative pathways, and potential environmental impacts. Biogeosciences 10 (2013), 6737–6746, 10.5194/bg-10-6737-2013.
Harrison, J.A., Matson, P.A., Fendorf, S.E., Effects of a diel oxygen cycle on nitrogen transformations and greenhouse gas emissions in a eutrophied subtropical stream. Aquat. Sci. 67 (2005), 308–315, 10.1007/s00027-005-0776-3.
Hofmann, H., Federwisch, L., Peeters, F., Wave‐induced release of methane: littoral zones as source of methane in lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 55 (2010), 1990–2000, 10.4319/lo.2010.55.5.1990.
Holgerson, M.A., Raymond, P.A., Large contribution to inland water CO2 and CH4 emissions from very small ponds. Nat. Geosci. 9 (2016), 222–226, 10.1038/ngeo2654.
Holgerson, M.A., Farr, E.R., Raymond, P.A., Gas transfer velocities in small forested ponds. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosciences 122 (2017), 1011–1021, 10.1002/2016JG003734.
Hunt, C.W., Snyder, L., Salisbury, J.E., Vandemark, D., McDowell, W.H., SIPCO2: a simple, inexpensive surface water pCO2 sensor. Limnol Oceanogr. Methods 15 (2017), 291–301, 10.1002/lom3.10157.
Jammet, M., Dengel, S., Kettner, E., Parmentier, F.J.W., Wik, M., Crill, P., Friborg, T., Year-round CH4 and CO2 flux dynamics in two contrasting freshwater ecosystems of the subarctic. Biogeosciences 14 (2017), 5189–5216, 10.5194/bg-14-5189-2017.
Klaus, M., Vachon, D., Challenges of predicting gas transfer velocity from wind measurements over global lakes. Aquat. Sci. 82 (2020), 1–17, 10.1007/s00027-020-00729-9.
Koroleff, J., Determination of total phosphorus by alkaline persulphate oxidation. Methods of Seawater Analysis, 1983, Verlag Chemie, Wienheim, 136–138.
Lan, X., Thoning, K.W., Dlugokencky, E.J., Trends in globally-averaged CH4, N2O, and SF6 determined from NOAA global monitoring laboratory measurements. Version 2024-10, 2024, 10.15138/P8XG-AA10.
Lauerwald, R., Allen, G.H., Deemer, B.R., Liu, S., Maavara, T., Raymond, P., Alcott, L., Bastviken, D., Hastie, A., Holgerson, M.A., Johnson, M.S., Lehner, B., Lin, P., Marzadri, A., Ran, L., Tian, H., Yang, X., Yao, Y., Regnier, P., Inland water greenhouse gas budgets for RECCAP2: 2. Regionalization and homogenization of estimates. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 37 (2023), 1–16, 10.1029/2022GB007658.
Lenhart, K., Behrendt, T., Greiner, S., Steinkamp, J., Well, R., Giesemann, A., Keppler, F., Nitrous oxide effluxes from plants as a potentially important source to the atmosphere. New Phytol. 221 (2019), 1398–1408, 10.1111/nph.15455.
Liikanen, A., Tanskanen, H., Murtoniemi, T., Martikainen, P.J., A laboratory microcosm for simultaneous gas and nutrient flux measurements in sediments. Boreal Environ. Res. 7 (2002), 151–160.
Lorke, A., Peeters, F., Toward a unified scaling relation for interfacial fluxes. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 36 (2006), 955–961, 10.1175/JPO2903.1.
Maberly, S.C., Barker, P.A., Stott, A.W., De Ville, M.M., Catchment productivity controls CO2 emissions from lakes. Nat. Clim. Change 3 (2013), 391–394, 10.1038/nclimate1748.
MacIntyre, S., Amaral, J.H.F., Melack, J.M., Enhanced turbulence in the upper mixed layer under light winds and heating: implications for gas fluxes. J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 126 (2021), 1–36, 10.1029/2020JC017026.
MacIntyre, S., Bastviken, D., Arneborg, L., Crowe, A.T., Karlsson, J., Andersson, A., Gålfalk, M., Rutgersson, A., Podgrajsek, A., Melack, J.M., Turbulence in a small boreal lake: consequences for air–water gas exchange. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66 (2021), 827–854, 10.1002/lno.11645.
MacIntyre, S., Jonsson, A., Jansson, M., Aberg, J., Turney, D.E., Miller, S.D., Buoyancy flux, turbulence, and the gas transfer coefficient in a stratified lake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37 (2010), 1–5, 10.1029/2010GL044164.
MacIntyre, S., Sickman, J.O., Goldthwait, S.A., Kling, G.W., Physical pathways of nutrient supply in a small, ultraoligotrophic arctic lake during summer stratification. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51 (2006), 1107–1124, 10.4319/lo.2006.51.2.1107.
Martinez-Cruz, K., Sepulveda-Jauregui, A., Greene, S., Fuchs, A., Rodriguez, M., Pansch, N., Gonsiorczyk, T., Casper, P., Diel variation of CH4 and CO2 dynamics in two contrasting temperate lakes. Inland Waters 10 (2020), 333–347, 10.1080/20442041.2020.1728178.
McGinnis, D.F., Flury, S., Tang, K.W., Grossart, H.P., Porewater methane transport within the gas vesicles of diurnally migrating Chaoborus spp.: an energetic advantage. Sci. Rep. 7 (2017), 1–7, 10.1038/srep44478.
Mengis, M., Gächter, R., Wehrli, B., Sources and sinks of nitrous oxide (N2O) in deep lakes. Biogeochemistry 38 (1997), 281–301, 10.1023/A:1005814020322.
Morana, C., Bouillon, S., Nolla-Ardèvol, V., Roland, F.A., Okello, W., Descy, J.P., Nankabirwa, A., Nabafu, E., Springael, D., Borges, A.V., Methane paradox in tropical lakes? Sedimentary fluxes rather than pelagic production in oxic conditions sustain methanotrophy and emissions to the atmosphere. Biogeosciences 17 (2020), 5209–5221, 10.5194/bg-17-5209-2020.
Murase, J., Sugimoto, A., Inhibitory effect of light on methane oxidation in the pelagic water column of a mesotrophic lake (Lake Biwa, Japan). Limnol. Oceanogr. 50 (2005), 1339–1343, 10.4319/lo.2005.50.4.1339.
Ni, B.J., Ruscalleda, M., Pellicer-Nacher, C., Smets, B.F., Modeling nitrous oxide production during biological nitrogen removal via nitrification and denitrification: extensions to the general ASM models. Environmental science & technology 45 (2011), 7768–7776, 10.1021/es201489n.
Ni, M., Liang, X., Hou, L., Li, W., He, C., Submerged macrophytes regulate diurnal nitrous oxide emissions from a shallow eutrophic lake: a case study of Lake Wuliangsuhai in the temperate arid region of China. Sci. Total Environ. 811 (2022), 1–12, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152451.
Oswald, K., Milucka, J., Brand, A., Littmann, S., Wehrli, B., Kuypers, M.M., Schubert, C.J., Light-dependent aerobic methane oxidation reduces methane emissions from seasonally stratified lakes. PLoS One 10 (2015), 1–22, 10.1371/journal.pone.0132574.
Peretyatko, A., Symoens, J.J., Triest, L., Impact of macrophytes on phytoplankton in eutrophic peri-urban ponds, implications for pond management and restoration. Belg. J. Bot., 2007, 83–99 https://www.jstor.org/stable/20794626.
Peretyatko, A., Teissier, S., De Backer, S., Triest, L., Biomanipulation of hypereutrophic ponds: when it works and why it fails. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184 (2012), 1517–1531, 10.1007/s10661-011-2057-z.
Plouviez, M., Guieysse, B., Nitrous oxide emissions during microalgae-based wastewater treatment: current state of the art and implication for greenhouse gases budgeting. Water Sci. Technol. 82 (2020), 1025–1030, 10.2166/wst.2020.304.
Plouviez, M., Shilton, A., Packer, M.A., Guieysse, B., Nitrous oxide emissions from microalgae: potential pathways and significance. J. Appl. Phycol. 31 (2019), 1–8, 10.1007/s10811-018-1531-1.
Plouviez, M., Wheeler, D., Shilton, A., Packer, M.A., McLenachan, P.A., Sanz-Luque, E., Ocaña-Calahorro, F., Fernández, E., Guieysse, B., The biosynthesis of nitrous oxide in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant J. 91 (2017), 45–56, 10.1111/tpj.13544.
Podgrajsek, E., Sahlée, E., Rutgersson, A., Diurnal cycle of lake methane flux. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosciences 119 (2014), 236–248, 10.1002/2013JG002327.
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 2021, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria https://www.R-project.org/.
Ray, N.E., Holgerson, M.A., High intra‐seasonal variability in greenhouse gas emissions from temperate constructed ponds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 50 (2023), 1–10, 10.1029/2023GL104235.
Ray, N.E., Holgerson, M.A., Andersen, M.R., Bikše, J., Bortolotti, L.E., Futter, M., Kokorïte, I., Law, A., McDonald, C., Mesman, J.P., Peacock, M., Richardson, C., Arsenault, J., Bansal, S., Cawley, K., Kuhn, M., Shahabinia, R., Smufer, F., Spatial and temporal variability in summertime dissolved carbon dioxide and methane in temperate ponds and shallow lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 68 (2023), 1530–1545, 10.1002/lno.12362.
Rocher‐Ros, G., Harms, T.K., Sponseller, R.A., Väisänen, M., Mörth, C.M., Giesler, R., Metabolism overrides photo‐oxidation in CO2 dynamics of Arctic permafrost streams. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66 (2021), 169–181, 10.1002/lno.11564.
Rudberg, D., Duc, N.T., Schenk, J., Sieczko, A.K., Pajala, G., Sawakuchi, H.O., Verheijen, H.A., Melack, J.-M., MacIntyre, S., Karlsson, J., Bastviken, D., Diel variability of CO2 emissions from northern lakes. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosciences 126 (2021), 1–16, 10.1029/2021JG006246.
Scheffer, M., Hosper, S.H., Meijer, M.L., Moss, B., Jeppesen, E., Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8 (1993), 275–279, 10.1016/0169-5347(93)90254-M.
Shen, C., Qian, M., Song, Y., Chen, B., Yang, J., Surface pCO2 and air-water CO2 fluxes dominated by submerged aquatic vegetation: implications for carbon flux in shallow lakes. J. Environ. Manag. 370 (2024), 1–10, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.
Sieczko, A.K., Duc, N.T., Schenk, J., Pajala, G., Rudberg, D., Sawakuchi, H.O., Bastviken, D., Diel Variability of Methane Emissions from Lakes, vol. 117, 2020, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 21488–21494, 10.1073/pnas.2006024117.
Smith, R.L., Repert, D.A., Underwood, J.C., Böhlke, J.K., LeBlanc, D.R., Hull, R.B., Kent, D.B., Reed, A.P., Mroczkowski, S.J., Spatial, seasonal, and diel controls of nitrogen‐carbon‐oxygen cycling during lake‐water infiltration to an aquifer. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosciences 129 (2024), 1–25, 10.1029/2023JG007659.
Sø, J.S., Martinsen, K.T., Kragh, T., Sand-Jensen, K., Hourly methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from temperate ponds. Biogeochemistry 167 (2024), 177–195, 10.1007/s10533-024-01124-4.
Sø, J.S., Sand-Jensen, K., Martinsen, K.T., Polauke, E., Kjær, J.E., Reitzel, K., Kragh, T., Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes at high spatiotemporal resolution from a small temperate lake. Sci. Total Environ. 878 (2023), 1–11, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162895.
Sollberger, S., Wehrli, B., Schubert, C.J., DelSontro, T., Eugster, W., Minor methane emissions from an Alpine hydropower reservoir based on monitoring of diel and seasonal variability. Environmental Science: Process. Impacts 19 (2017), 1278–1291, 10.1039/C7EM00232G.
Staehr, P.A., Christensen, J.P., Batt, R.D., Read, J.S., Ecosystem metabolism in a stratified lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 57 (2012), 1317–1330, 10.4319/lo.2012.57.5.1317.
UNESCO/IHA. GHG Measurement Guidelines for Freshwater Reservoirs, UNESCO, vol. 138, 2010, The International Hydropower Association (IHA), London, UK https://www.hydropower.org/publications/ghg-measurement-guidelines-for-freshwater-reservoirs.
Van Onsem, S., De Backer, S., Triest, L., Microhabitat–zooplankton relationship in extensive macrophyte vegetations of eutrophic clear-water ponds. Hydrobiologia 656 (2010), 67–81, 10.1007/s10750-010-0442-1.
Verpoorter, C., Kutser, T., Seekell, D.A., Tranvik, L.J., A global inventory of lakes based on high‐resolution satellite imagery. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41 (2014), 6396–6402, 10.1002/2014GL060641.
Wang, Y., Ma, B., Shen, S., Zhang, Y., Ye, C., Jiang, H., Li, S., Diel variability of carbon dioxide concentrations and emissions in a largest urban lake, Central China: insights from continuous measurements. Sci. Total Environ. 912 (2024), 1–12, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168987.
Wang, Y., Ma, B., Xu, Y.J., Shen, S., Huang, X., Wang, Y., Ye, S., Tian, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Li, S., Eutrophication and dissolved organic matter exacerbate the diel discrepancy of CO2 emissions in China's largest urban lake. Environmental Science & Technology, 2024, 1–11, 10.1021/acs.est.4c06244.
Wanninkhof, R., Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 97 (1992), 7373–7382, 10.1029/92JC00188.
Weathers, P.J., N2O evolution by green algae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48 (1984), 1251–1253, 10.1128/aem.48.6.1251-1253.1984.
Weiss, R.F., Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas. Mar. Chem. 2 (1974), 203–215, 10.1016/0304-4203(74)90015-2.
Weiss, R.F., Determinations of carbon dioxide and methane by dual catalyst flame ionization chromatography and nitrous oxide by electron capture chromatography. Journal of Chromatographic Science 19 (1981), 611–616, 10.1093/chromsci/19.12.611.
Weiss, R.F., Price, B.A., Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater. Mar. Chem. 8 (1980), 347–359, 10.1016/0304-4203(80)90024-9.
Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Kosten, S., Wallin, M.B., Tranvik, L.J., Jeppesen, E., Roland, F., Significant fraction of CO2 emissions from boreal lakes derived from hydrologic inorganic carbon inputs. Nat. Geosci. 8 (2015), 933–936, 10.1038/ngeo2582.
Wilson, S.T., Bange, H.W., Arévalo-Martínez, D.L., Barnes, J., Borges, A.V., Brown, I., Bullister, J.L., Burgos, M., Capelle, D.W., Casso, M., de la Paz, M., Farías, L., Fenwick, L., Ferrón, S., Garcia, G., Glockzin, M., Karl, D.M., Kock, A., Laperriere, S., Law, C.S., Manning, C.C., Marriner, A., Myllykangas, J.-K., Pholman, J.W., Rees, A.P., Santoro, A.E., Tortell, P.D., Upstill-Goddard, R.C., Wisegarver, D.P., Zhang, G.-L., Rehder, G., An intercomparison of oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements. Biogeosciences 15 (2018), 5891–5907, 10.5194/bg-15-5891-2018.
Xia, Y., Li, Y., Li, X., Guo, M., She, D., Yan, X., Diurnal pattern in nitrous oxide emissions from a sewage-enriched river. Chemosphere 92 (2013), 421–428, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.038.
Xiao QiTao, X.Q., Zhang Mi, Z.M., Hu ZhengHua, H.Z., Gao YunQiu, G.Y., Hu Cheng, H.C., Liu Cheng, L.C., Shoudong, L., Shen, Z., JiaYu, Z., Wei, X., Lee, X., Spatial variations of methane emission in a large shallow eutrophic lake in subtropical climate. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosciences 122 (2017), 1597–1614, 10.1002/2017JG003805.
Xiao, Q., Xu, X., Qi, T., Luo, J., Lee, X., Duan, H., Lakes shifted from a carbon dioxide source to a sink over past two decades in China. Science bulletin 69 (2024), 1857–1861, 10.1016/j.scib.2024.03.022.
Xiao, Q., Xu, X., Zhang, M., Duan, H., Hu, Z., Wang, W., Xiao, W., Lee, X., Coregulation of nitrous oxide emissions by nitrogen and temperature in China's third largest freshwater lake (Lake Taihu). Limnol. Oceanogr. 64 (2019), 1070–1086, 10.1002/lno.11098.
Yamamoto, S., Alcauskas, J.B., Crozier, T.E., Solubility of methane in distilled water and seawater. J. Chem. Eng. Data 21 (1976), 78–80, 10.1021/je60068a029.
Yentsch, C.S., Menzel, D.W., A method for the determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll and phaeophytin by fluorescence. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts 10 (1963), 221–231, 10.1016/0011-7471(63)90358-9 Elsevier.
Zhang, C., Cheng, S., Long, L., Xie, H., Mu, X., Zhang, W., Diel and seasonal methane flux across water–air interface of a subtropic eutrophic pond. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 100 (2018), 413–424, 10.1080/02772248.2018.1499231.
Zhang, Z., Li, J., Yu, R., Xia, X., Sun, H., Lu, C., Lu, X., Significant monthly and diel variations of CH4 emission from a shallow eutrophic lake with submerged aquatic vegetation. Aquat. Bot. 188 (2023), 1–10, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2023.103670.
