Alexandersen, S., S. Carpenter, J. Christensen, T. Stordgaard, B. Viuff, Y. Wannemuehler, J. Belousov, and J. Roth. 1993. Identification of alternatively spliced mRNAs encoding potential new regulatory proteins in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus. J. Virol. 67:39-52.
Berneman, Z., R. Gartenhaus, M. Reitz, W. Blattner, A. Manns, B. Hanchard, O. Ikehara, R. Gallo, and M. Klotman. 1992. Expression of alternatively spliced human T-lymphotropic virus type I pX mRNA in infected cell lines and primary uncultured cells from patients with adult T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma and healthy carriers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3005-3009.
Boudreau, N., C. J. Sympson, Z. Werb, and M. J. Bissel. 1995. Suppression of ICE and apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells by extracellular matrix. Science 267:891-893.
Cann, A. J., J. D. Rosenblatt, W. Wachsman, N. P. Shah, and I. S. Y. Chen. 1985. Identification of the gene responsible for human T-cell leukemia virus transcriptional regulation. Nature 318:571-574.
Ciminale, V., G. Pavlakis, D. Derse, C. Cunningham, and B. Felber. 1992. Complex splicing in the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) family retrovirus: novel mRNAs and proteins produced by HTLV type I. J. Virol. 66:1737-1745.
Cockerell, G. L., J. Rovnak, P. L. Green, and I. S. Y. Chen. 1996. A deletion in the proximal untranslated pX region of human T-cell leukemia virus type II decreases viral replication but not infectivity in vivo. Blood 87:1030-1035.
Copeland, K. F. T., A. G. M. Haaksma, J. Goudsmit, P. H. Krammer, and J. L. Heeney. 1994. Inhibition of apoptosis in T cells expressing human T Cell leukemia virus type I Tax. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10:1259-1268.
Darzynkiewicz, Z., S. Bruno, G. Del Bino, W. Gorczyca, M. A. Hotz, P. Lassota, and F. Traganos. 1992. Features of apoptotic cells measured by flow cytometry. Cytometry 13:795-808.
Derse, D. 1987. Bovine leukemia virus transcription is controlled by a virus-encoded trans-acting factor and by cis-acting response elements. J. Virol. 61:2462-2471.
Derse, D. 1988. Trans-acting regulation of bovine leukemia virus mRNA processing. J. Virol. 62:1115-1119.
Dudler, L., P. Griebel, and W. R. Hein. In I. Lefkovitts (ed.), Immunological methods manual. Academic Press, in press. New York, N.Y.
Felber, B. K., H. Paskalis, C. Kleinman-Ewing, F. Wong-staal, and G. N. Pavlakis. 1985. The pX protein of HTLV-I is a transcriptional activator of its long terminal repeats. Science 229:675-679.
Franchini, G., J. Mulloy, I. Koralnik, A. Lo Monico, J. Sparkowski, T. Andresson, D. Goldstein, and R. Schlegel. 1993. The human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I p12I protein cooperates with the E5 oncoprotein of bovine papillomavirus in cell transformation and binds the 16-kilodalton subunit of the vacuolar H+ ATPase. J. Virol. 67:7701-7704.
Fuji, M., P. Sassone-Corsi, and I. M. Verma. 1988. c-fos promoter trans-activation by the taxI protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8526-8530.
Gorczyca, W., J. Gong, and Z. Darzynkiewicz. 1993. Detection of DNA strand breaks in individual apoptotic cells by the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nick translation assay. Cancer Res. 53:1945-1951.
Grassmann, R., C. Deugler, B. Muller-Fleckenstein, K. Fleckenstein, K. McGuire, M. C. Dokhelar, J. Sodroski, and W. Haseltine. 1989. Transformation to continuous growth of primary human T lymphocytes by human T-cell leukemic virus type I X-region genes transducted by a Herpesvirus saimiri vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3351-3355.
Green, P. L., T. M. Ross, I. S. Y. Chen, and S. Pettiford. 1995. Human T-cell leukemia virus type II nucleotide sequences between env and the last exon of tax/rex are not required for viral replication or cellular transformation. J. Virol. 69:387-394.
Henderson, S., M. Rowe, C. Gregory, D. Croom-Carter, F. Wang, R. Longnecker, E. Kieff, and A. Rickinson. 1991. Induction of bcl-2 expression by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 protects infected B cells from programmed cell death. Cell 65:1107-1115.
Jeurissen, S. H. M., F. Wagenaar, J. M. A. Pol, A. J. van der Eb, and M. H. M. Noteborn. 1992. Chicken anemia virus causes apoptosis of thymocytes after in vivo infection and cell lines after in vitro infection. J. Virol. 66:7383-7388.
19a.Kerkhofs, P., et al. Unpublished data.
Koralnik, I., A. Gessain, M. Klotman, A. Lo Monico, Z. Berneman, and G. Franchini. 1992. Protein isoforms encoded by the pX region of human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:8813-8817.
Li, C. J., D. J. Friedman, C. Wang, V. Metelev, and A. B. Pardee. 1995. Induction of apoptosis in uninfected lymphocytes by HIV-1 Tat protein. Science 268:429-431.
Maldarelli, F., H. Sato, E. Berthold, J. Orenstein, and M. A. Martin. 1995. Rapid induction of apoptosis by cell-to-cell transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 69:6457-6465.
Maruyama, M., H. Shibuya, H. Harada, M. Hatakeyama, M. Seiki, T. Fujita, J. Inoue, M. Yoshida, and T. Taniguchi. 1987. Evidence for aberrant activation of the interleukin-2 automne loop by HTLV-I-encoded p40x and T3/Ti complex triggering. Cell 48:343-350.
Meyaard, L., S. A. Otto, R. R. Jonker, M. J. Mijnster, R. P. M. Keet, and F. Miedema. 1992. Programmed death of T cells in HIV-1 infection. Science 257:217-219.
Mirsky, M. L., Y. Da, and H. A. Lewin. 1993. Detection of bovine leukemia virus proviral DNA in individuals cells. PCR Methods Appl. 2:333-339.
Mulloy, J. C., R. W. Crowley, J. Fullen, W. J. Leonard, and G. Franchini. 1996. The human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I p12I protein binds the interleukin-2 receptor βand γc chains and affects their expression on the cell surface. J. Virol. 70:3599-3605.
Murakami, K., K. Okada, Y. Ikawa, and Y. Aida. 1994. Bovine leukemia virus induces CD5- B cell lymphoma in sheep despite temporarily increasing CD5+ B cells in asymptomatic stage. Virology 202:458-465.
Portetelle, D., M. Mammerickx, and A. Burny. 1989. Use of two monoclonal antibodies in an ELISA test for the detection of antibodies to bovine leukemia virus envelope protein gp51. J. Virol. Methods 23:211-222.
Portetelle, D., K. Limbach, A. Burny, M. Mammerickx, P. Desmettre, M. Rivière, J. Zavada, and E. Paoletti. 1991. Recombinant vaccinia virus virus expression of the bovine leukemia virus envelope and protection of immunized sheep against infection. Vaccine 9:194-200.
Pozzatti, R., J. Vogel, and G. Jay. 1990. The human T-lymphotropic virus type I tax gene can cooperate with the ras oncogcne to induce neoplastic transformation of cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:413-417.
Raff, M. C. 1992. Social control on cell survival and cell death. Nature 356:397-400.
Rao, L., M. Debbas, P. Sabbatini, D. Hockenbery, S. Korsmeyer, and E. White. 1992. The adenovirus E1A proteins induce apoptosis which is inhibited by the E1B 19K and Bcl-2 proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7742-7746.
Razvi, E. S., and R. M. Welsh. 1995. Apoptosis in viral infections. Adv. Virus Res. 45:1-60.
Rice, N., R. Stephens, and R. Gilden. 1987. Sequence analysis of the bovine leukemia virus genome, p. 115-144. In A. Burny and M. Mammerickx (ed.), Enzootic bovine leukosis and bovine leukemia virus. Nijhoff, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Roithmann, S., C. Pique, A. L. Cesne, L. Delamarre, D. Pham, T. Tursz, and M.-C. Dokhelar. 1994. The open reading frame I (ORFI) ORFII part of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I X region is dispensable for p40tax,\ p27rex, or envelope expression. J. Virol. 68:3448-3431.
Ruben, S., H. Poteat, T. Tan, K. Kawakami, R. Roeder, W. Haseltine, and C. A. Rosen. 1988. Cellular transcription factors and regulation of IL-2 receptor gene expression by HTLV-I tax gene product. Science 241:89-92.
Sagata, N., T. Yasunaga, J. Tsukuzu-Kawamura, K. Ohishi, Y. Ogawa, and Y. Ikawa. 1985. Complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of bovine leukemia virus: its evolutionary relationship to the other retroviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:677-681.
Schwartz, I., A. Bensaid, B. Polak, B. Perrin, M. Berthelemy, and D. Levy. 1994. In vivo leucocyte tropism of bovine leukemia virus in sheep and cattle. J. Virol. 68:4589-4596.
Seiki, M., S. Hattori, Y. Hirayama, and M. Yoshida. 1983. Human adult T-cell leukemia virus: complete nucleotide sequence of the provirus genome integrated in leukemia cell DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:3618-3622.
Seiki, M., J. Inoue, T. Takeda, and M. Yoshida. 1986. Direct evidence that the p40x of the human T-cell leukemia virus type-I is a trans-acting transcriptional activator. EMBO J. 5:561-565.
Seiki, M., J. Inoue, M. Hidaka, and M. Yoshida. 1988. Two cis-acting elements responsible for posttranscriptional trans-regulation of gene expression of human T-cell leukemia virus type-I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7124-7128.
Smith, M. R., and W. C. Greene. 1990. Identification of HTLV-I tax trans-activator mutants exhibiting novel transcriptional phenotypes. Genes Dev. 4:1875-1885.
Tanaka, A., C. Takahashi, S. Yamaoka, T. Nosaja, M. Maki, and M. Hatanaka. 1990. Oncogenic transformation by the tax gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3351-3355.
Thomson, C. B. 1995. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 267:1456-1462.
Westendorp, M. O., R. Frank, C. Oschsenbauer, K. Stricker, J. Dhein, H. Walczak, K.-M. Debatin, and P. H. Krammer. 1995 Sensitization of T cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis by HIV-1 Tat and gp120. Nature 375:497-500.
White, E., R. Cipriani, P. Sabbatini, and A. Denton. 1991. Adenovirus E1B 19-kilodalton protein overcomes the cytotoxicity of E1A protein. J. Virol. 65:2968-2978.
White, E., P. Sabbatini, M. Debbas, W. S. M. Wold, D. I. Kusher, and L. Gooding. 1992. The 19-kilodallon adenovirus E1B transforming protein inhibits programmed cell death and prevents cytolysis by tumor necrosis factor α. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:2570-2580.
Willems, L., A. Gegonne, G. Chen, A. Burny, R. Kettmann, and J. Ghysdael. 1987. The bovine leukemia virus p34 is a transactivator protein. EMBO J. 6:3385-3389.
Willems, L., G. Chen, D. Portetelle, R. Mamoun, A. Burny, and R. Kettmann. 1989. Structural and functional characterization of mutants of the bovine leukemia virus transactivator protein p34. Virology 171:615-618.
Wilkms, L., H. Heremans, G. Chen, D. Portetelle, A. Billiau, A. Burny, and R. Kettmann. 1990. Cooperation between bovine leukemia virus transactivator protein and Ha-ras oncogene product in cellular transformation. EMBO J. 9:1577-1581.
Willems, L., C. Grimonpont, H. Heremans, N. Rebeyrotte, G. Chen, D. Portetelle, A. Burny, and R. Kettmann. 1992. Mutations in the bovine leukemia virus tax protein can abrogate the long terminal repeat-directed trans-activating activity without concomitant loss of transforming potential. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3957-3961.
Willems, L., R. Kettmann, F. Dequiedt, D. Portetelle, V. Voneche, I. Cornil, P. Kerkhofs, A. Burny, and M. Mammerickx. 1993. In vivo infection of sheep by bovine leukemia virus mutants. J. Virol. 67:4078-4085.
Willems, L., P. Kerkhofs, F. Dequiedt, D. Portetelle, M. Mammerickx, A. Burny, and R. Kettmann. 1994. Attenuation of bovine leukemia virus by deletion of R3 and G4 open reading frames. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:11532-11536.
Yamada, T., S. Yamaoka, T. Goto, M. Nakai, Y. Tsujimoto, and M. Hatanaka. 1994. The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein induces apoptosis which is blocked by the Bcl-2 protein. J. Virol. 68:3374-3379.
Yamaoka, S., H. Inoue, M. Sakurai, T. Sugiyama, M. Hazama, T. Yamada, and M. Hatanaka. 1996. Constitutive activation of NF-κB is essential for transformation of rat fibroblasts by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein. EMBO J. 15:873-887.
Zauli, G., D. Gibellini, A. Caputo, A. Bassini, M. Negrini, M. Monne, M. Mazzoni, and S. Capitani. 1995. The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Tat protein upregulates Bcl-2 gene expression in Jurkat T-cell lines and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blood 86:3823-3834.
