Optimization and Validation of a Cheaper, Safer, and More Sustainable Methodology for Aflatoxins Determination in Rich-Lipidic Matrices (Pistachio Nuts) Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction and UHPLC-FLD Analysis.
UHPLC-FLD; aflatoxins; deep eutectic solvent extraction; method validation; raw pistachio nuts
Abstract :
[en] Aflatoxins pose a major health concern and require strict monitoring in food products. Existing methods rely on hazardous organic solvents for extraction, prompting the development of a greener alternative. This study explores deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for aflatoxin extraction from pistachios, a valuable food product prone to aflatoxin contamination. The proposed method utilizes DES extraction followed by solid-phase extraction cleanup and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector analysis. Recovery rates ranged from 85.5 to 99.1% for pistachios spiked with 1-8 ng/g aflatoxins, in compliance with EU regulations, with coefficients of variation less than 2.94%. The method demonstrates good sensitivity with limits of detection and quantification in the range of 0.02-0.22 ng/g and 0.05-0.72 ng/g, respectively. Greenness assessment using AGREEPrep and White Analytical Chemistry metrics confirms its environmental sustainability. This approach offers a promising, safer, and more eco-friendly alternative for aflatoxin extraction from complex food matrices like pistachios.
Disciplines :
Chemistry
Author, co-author :
Schincaglia, Andrea ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre ; Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
Pasti, Luisa; Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
Cavazzini, Alberto; Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy ; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, CREA, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome 00184, Italy
Purcaro, Giorgia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Chemistry for Sustainable Food and Environmental Systems (CSFES)
Beccaria, Marco ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Molecular Systems (MolSys) ; Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
Language :
English
Title :
Optimization and Validation of a Cheaper, Safer, and More Sustainable Methodology for Aflatoxins Determination in Rich-Lipidic Matrices (Pistachio Nuts) Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction and UHPLC-FLD Analysis.
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