GalloBelgic Ware from Xanten to the Sea

Thanks to the pioneering work of Holwerda, the region extending from Xanten to the sea, primarily in the Netherlands, has been recognized as a significant consumer of Gallo-Belgic ware (Terra nigra and terra rubra) during the 1st century AD. However, recent quantification reveals that this pottery was less prevalent than in the province of Belgica and even in a substantial portion of Germania Inferior.

Workshops producing these vessels were scarce in the region, making imports particularly noteworthy. Some of these imports originated from the Rhineland, notably Xanten, and took advantage of river transport. The production of Gallo-Belgic ware is still not well documented in Northern France. However, the fabric, stamps, and a limited number of workshops suggest that this region supplied the Netherlands in the second half of the 1st century AD. Since the Augustean period, Champagne has been exporting Gallo-Belgic ware to regions including Belgica, Germania, and Britannia. Similar to terra sigillata, terra rubra, and nigra carried a Roman brand, albeit one already transformed by Gaulish craftsmen