Career; Emotional intelligence; Meta-analysis; Systematic review; Applied Psychology; Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Abstract :
[en] The concept of emotional intelligence has spanned researchers' interest to a considerable extent over the last decades and is now considered as a critical resource that helps individuals to deal with career challenges. However, no empirical effort to integrate these studies has been carried out yet. The current research addresses this gap by proposing an integrated theoretical model and conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of emotional intelligence and its associations with career-related outcomes. Out of a total of 150 independent samples from published and unpublished studies representing N = 50,894 participants, our random-effects meta-analysis showed that emotional intelligence was significantly related to career adaptability, career decision-making self-efficacy, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, salary, career commitment, career decision-making difficulties, career satisfaction, entrepreneurial intentions, and turnover intentions. However, no significant correlations were found with job search self-efficacy and self-perceived employability. Overall, our work conveys important theoretical contributions but also provides recommendations and an agenda for future research.
Research Center/Unit :
HEC Recherche. Changing workplace and strategic HRM - ULiège LENTIC - Laboratoire d'Études sur les Nouvelles Formes de Travail, l'Innovation et le Changement - ULiège
Disciplines :
Human resources management
Author, co-author :
Pirsoul, Thomas ; Université de Liège - ULiège > HEC Liège Research > HEC Liège Research: Changing workplace and strategic HRM ; Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Parmentier, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > HEC Liège Research > HEC Liège Research: Changing workplace and strategic HRM ; Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium ; Research Center in Vocational Psychology and Career Counseling, Institute of Psychology, Université de Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland ; Division of Research and Innovation, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland
Sovet, Laurent; Laboratoire de Psychologie et d'Ergonomie Appliquées (LaPEA), Université Paris Cité and Université Gustave Eiffel, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
Nils, Frédéric; Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
Emotional intelligence and career-related outcomes: A meta-analysis
We thank Sophie Patris, Céline Verheu, and Elodie François (librarians of the Psychology, Education, and Motor Sciences Library of UCLouvain) for their valuable help in the development of the first search equation and the systematic review. We also thank Elise Grimm for her feedback on an earlier version of the manuscript.
Antonakis, J., On doing better science: From thrill of discovery to policy implications. The Leadership Quarterly 28:1 (2017), 5–21, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.01.006.
Bandura, A., The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 1986, 359.
Becker, G.S., Human capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. 2nd ed., 1975, National Bureau of Economic Research.
Betz, N.E., Luzzo, D.A., Decision-making self-efficacy scale. Journal of Career Assessment 4:4 (1996), 413–428.
Blustein, D.L., Ellis, M.V., Devenis, L.E., The development and validation of a two-dimensional model of the commitment to career choices process. Journal of Vocational Behavior 35:3 (1989), 342–378, 10.1016/0001-8791(89)90034-1.
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., Rothstein, H.R., A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods 1:2 (2010), 97–111, 10.1002/jrsm.12.
Boyd, N.G., Vozikis, G.S., The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 18:4 (1994), 63–77, 10.1177/104225879401800404.
Brown, C., George-Curran, R., Smith, M.L., The role of emotional intelligence in the career commitment and decision-making process. Journal of Career Assessment 11:4 (2003), 379–392, 10.1177/1069072703255834.
Carson, D., Carson, P.P., Career commitment, competencies, and citizenship. Journal of Career Assessment, 1994, 195–208.
Celik, P., Storme, M., Trait emotional intelligence predicts academic satisfaction through career adaptability. Journal of Career Assessment 26:4 (2018), 666–677, 10.1177/1069072717723290.
Coetzee, M., Harry, N., Emotional intelligence as a predictor of employees’ career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior 84:1 (2014), 90–97, 10.1016/j.jvb.2013.09.001.
Coetzee, M., Beukes, C.J., Employability, emotional intelligence and career preparation support satisfaction among adolescents in the school-to-work transition phase. Journal of Psychology in Africa 20:3 (2010), 439–446, 10.1080/14330237.2010.10820396.
de Cuyper, N., de Witte, H., The management paradox: Self-rated employability and organizational commitment and performance. Personnel Review 40:2 (2011), 152–172, 10.1108/00483481111106057.
Dacre Pool, L., Qualter, P., Emotional self-efficacy, graduate employability, and career satisfaction: Testing the associations. Australian Journal of Psychology 65:4 (2013), 214–223, 10.1111/ajpy.12023.
Dahl, D., Austin, K., Wagner, B., Lukas, A., The relationship between negative career thoughts and emotional intelligence. Canadian Journal of Career Development 7:1 (2008), 4–10.
Dahlke, J.A., Wiernik, B.M., Psychmeta: An R package for psychometric meta-analysis. Applied Psychological Measurement 43:5 (2019), 415–416, 10.1177/0146621618795933.
Dave, H.P., Keefer, K.V., Snetsinger, S.W., Holden, R.R., Parker, J.D.A., Stability and change in trait emotional intelligence in emerging adulthood: A four-year population-based study. Journal of Personality Assessment 103:1 (2021), 57–66, 10.1080/00223891.2019.1693386.
Davila Dos Santos, E., Albahari, A., Díaz, S., De Freitas, E.C., ‘Science and technology as feminine’: Raising awareness about and reducing the gender gap in STEM careers. Journal of Gender Studies 31:4 (2022), 505–518, 10.1080/09589236.2021.1922272.
Di Fabio, A., Kenny, M.E., Promoting emotional intelligence and career decision making among Italian high school students. Journal of Career Assessment 19:1 (2011), 21–34, 10.1177/1069072710382530.
Di Fabio, A., Kenny, M.E., The contributions of emotional intelligence and social support for adaptive career progress among Italian youth. Journal of Career Development 42:1 (2015), 48–59, 10.1177/0894845314533420.
Di Fabio, A., Palazzeschi, L., Indécision vocationnelle et intelligence émotionnelle: quelques données empiriques sur un échantillon d'apprentis italiens. Pratiques Psychologiques 14:2 (2008), 213–222, 10.1016/j.prps.2007.11.006.
Di Fabio, A., Palazzeschi, L., Emotional intelligence, personality traits and career decision difficulties. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance 9:2 (2009), 135–146, 10.1007/s10775-009-9162-3.
Di Fabio, A., Palazzeschi, L., Asulin-Peretz, L., Gati, I., Career indecision versus indecisiveness. Journal of Career Assessment 21:1 (2013), 42–56, 10.1177/1069072712454698.
Di Fabio, A., Saklofske, D.H., Comparing ability and self-report trait emotional intelligence, fluid intelligence, and personality traits in career decision. Personality and Individual Differences 64 (2014), 174–178, 10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.024.
Emmerling, R.J., Cherniss, G., Emotional intelligence and the career choice process. Journal of Career Assessment 11:2 (2003), 153–167, 10.1177/1069072702250425.
Fernández-Pérez, V., Montes-Merino, A., Rodríguez-Ariza, L., Galicia, P.E.A., Emotional competencies and cognitive antecedents in shaping student's entrepreneurial intention: the moderating role of entrepreneurship education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 15:1 (2019), 281–305, 10.1007/s11365-017-0438-7.
Fiori, M., Udayar, S., Vesely Maillefer, A., Emotion information processing as a new component of emotional intelligence: Theoretical framework and empirical evidence. European Journal of Personality, 2021, 10.1177/08902070211007672 089020702110076.
Gabriel, A.S., Podsakoff, N.P., Beal, D.J., Scott, B.A., Sonnentag, S., Trougakos, J.P., Butts, M.M., Experience sampling methods: A discussion of critical trends and considerations for scholarly advancement. Organizational Research Methods 22:4 (2019), 969–1006, 10.1177/1094428118802626.
Gati, I., Krausz, M., Osipow, S.H., A taxonomy of difficulties in career decision making. Journal of Counseling Psychology 43:4 (1996), 510–526.
Geyskens, I., Krishnan, R., Steenkamp, J.B.E.M., Cunha, P.V., A review and evaluation of meta-analysis practices in management research. Journal of Management 35:2 (2009), 393–419, 10.1177/0149206308328501.
Guan, Y., Deng, H., Sun, J., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Ye, L., Fu, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Li, Y., Career adaptability, job search self-efficacy and outcomes: A three-wave investigation among Chinese university graduates. Journal of Vocational Behavior 83:3 (2013), 561–570, 10.1016/j.jvb.2013.09.003.
de Haro García, J.M., Costa, J.L.C., Does trait emotional intelligence predict unique variance in early career success beyond IQ and personality?. Journal of Career Assessment 22:4 (2014), 715–725, 10.1177/1069072713515971.
Harari, M.B., Parola, H.R., Hartwell, C.J., Riegelman, A., Literature searches in systematic reviews and meta-analyses: A review, evaluation, and recommendations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 118, 2020, 103377, 10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103377.
Hartung, P.J., Barrier or benefit? Emotion in life-career design. Journal of Career Assessment 19:3 (2011), 296–305, 10.1177/1069072710395536.
Hirschi, A., Herrmann, A., Keller, A.C., Career adaptivity, adaptability, and adapting: A conceptual and empirical investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior 87 (2015), 1–10, 10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.008.
Hodzic, S., Ripoll, P., Lira, E., Zenasni, F., Can intervention in emotional competences increase employability prospects of unemployed adults?. Journal of Vocational Behavior 88 (2015), 28–37, 10.1016/j.jvb.2015.02.007.
Hodzic, S., Scharfen, J., Ripoll, P., Holling, H., Zenasni, F., How efficient are emotional intelligence trainings: A meta-analysis. Emotion Review 10:2 (2018), 138–148, 10.1177/1754073917708613.
van Hooft, E.A.J., Kammeyer-Mueller, J.D., Wanberg, C.R., Kanfer, R., Basbug, G., Job search and employment success: A quantitative review and future research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology 106:5 (2021), 674–713, 10.1037/apl0000675.
Hunter, J.E., Schmidt, F.L., Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings. 2004, Sage.
Hyde, J.S., The Gender Similarities Hypothesis. 60:6 (2005), 581–592, 10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581.
Jiang, Z., Emotional intelligence and career decision-making self-efficacy: National and gender differences. Journal of Employment Counseling 51:3 (2014), 112–124, 10.1002/j.2161-1920.2014.00046.x.
Jiang, Z., Emotional intelligence and career decision-making self-efficacy: Mediating roles of goal commitment and professional commitment. Journal of Employment Counseling 53:1 (2016), 30–47, 10.1002/joec.12026.
Joseph, D.L., Newman, D.A., Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology 95:1 (2010), 54–78, 10.1037/a0017286.
Kafetsios, K., Attachment and emotional intelligence abilities across the life course. Personality and Individual Differences 37:1 (2004), 129–145, 10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.006.
Kanfer, R., Kantrowitz, T.M., Wanberg, C.R., Job search and employment: A personality-motivational analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology 86:5 (2001), 837–855, 10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.837.
Kasler, J., Zysberg, L., Harel, N., Hopes for the future: Demographic and personal resources associated with self-perceived employability and actual employment among senior year students. Journal of Education and Work 30:8 (2017), 881–892, 10.1080/13639080.2017.1352083.
Keefer, K.V., Holden, R.R., Parker, J.D.A., Longitudinal assessment of trait emotional intelligence: Measurement invariance and construct continuity from late childhood to adolescence. Psychological Assessment 25:4 (2013), 1255–1272, 10.1037/a0033903.
Kidd, J.M., Emotion: An absent presence in career theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior 52:3 (1998), 275–288, 10.1006/jvbe.1997.1629.
Klein, R.A., Vianello, M., Hasselman, F., Adams, B.G., Adams, R.B., Alper, S., Nosek, B.A., Many labs 2: Investigating variation in replicability across samples and settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 1:4 (2018), 443–490, 10.1177/2515245918810225.
Koen, J., Klehe, U.C., Van Vianen, A.E.M., Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior 81:3 (2012), 395–408, 10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.003.
Kulcsár, V., Dobrean, A., Gati, I., Challenges and difficulties in career decision making: Their causes, and their effects on the process and the decision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 116, 2020, 103346, 10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103346.
Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., Integrating person and situation perspectives on work satisfaction: A social-cognitive view. Journal of Vocational Behavior 69:2 (2006), 236–247, 10.1016/j.jvb.2006.02.006.
Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., Social cognitive model of career self-management: Toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. Journal of Counseling Psychology 60:4 (2013), 557–568, 10.1037/a0033446.
Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., Hackett, G., Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior 45 (1994), 79–122, 10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027.
Liguori, E.W., Bendickson, J.S., Mcdowell, W.C., Revisiting entrepreneurial intentions: a social cognitive career theory approach. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 14 (2018), 67–78, 10.1007/s11365-017-0462-7.
Lopes, P.N., Salovey, P., Straus, R., Emotional intelligence, personality, and the perceived quality of social relationships. Personality and Individual Differences 2:35 (2003), 641–658.
Mcdaniel, M.A., Cumulative meta-analysis as a publication bias method. 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2009.
Merino-Tejedor, E., Hontangas, P.M., Petrides, K.V., Career adaptability mediates the effect of trait emotional intelligence on academic engagement. Revista de Psicodidáctica (English Ed.) 23:2 (2018), 77–85, 10.1016/j.psicoe.2017.10.002.
Meyer, J.P., Tett, R.P., Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytical findings. Personnel Psychology 46 (1993), 259–293.
Miao, C. (2015). Individual traits and entrepreneurial intentions: The mediation role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and need for cognition. [Unpublished dissertation]. Virginia Commonwealth University.
Miao, C., Humphrey, R.H., Qian, S., A meta-analysis of emotional intelligence and work attitudes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 90:2 (2017), 177–202, 10.1111/joop.12167.
Miao, C., Humphrey, R.H., Qian, S., Pollack, J.M., Emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial intentions: An exploratory meta-analysis. Career Development International 23:5 (2018), 497–512, 10.1108/CDI-01-2018-0019.
Mikolajczak, M., Luminet, O., Leroy, C., Roy, E., Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire: Factor structure, reliability, construct, and incremental validity in a French-speaking population. Journal of personality assessment 88:3 (2007), 338–353, 10.1080/00223890701333431.
Mikolajczak, M., Quoidbach, J.J., Kotsou, I., Nelis, D., Les compétences émotionnelles. 2009, Dunod.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D., Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 2009, 264, 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135.
Nelis, D., Kotsou, I., Quoidbach, J., Hansenne, M., Weytens, F., Dupuis, P., Mikolajczak, M., Increasing emotional competence improves psychological and physical well-being, social relationships, and employability. Emotion 11:2 (2011), 354–366, 10.1037/a0021554.
Ng, T.W.H., Eby, L.T., Sorensen, K.L., Feldman, D.C., Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology 58:2 (2005), 367–408, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00515.x.
Nieto-Flores, M.-P., Berrios, M.P., Extremera, N., Job search self-efficacy as a mediator between emotional intelligence and the active job search process / Autoeficacia de búsqueda como mediadora de la inteligencia emocional y la búsqueda activa de empleo. Revista de Psicología Social 34:1 (2019), 86–109, 10.1080/02134748.2018.1537652.
Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., Elmagarmid, A., Rayyan—A web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 5(1), 2016, 210, 10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4.
Parker, J.D.A., Summerfeldt, L.J., Crane, G., McIntyre, R., Dixon, L., Stability of trait EI during the transition to adulthood: Results of a 15-year follow-up study. Personality and Individual Differences, 101(1992), 2016, 485, 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.168.
Parmentier, M., Dangoisse, F., Zacher, H., Pirsoul, T., Nils, F., Anticipatory emotions at the prospect of the transition to higher education: A latent transition analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior 125:February (2021), 1–14, 10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103543.
Parmentier, M., Pirsoul, T., Bouchat, P., Nils, F., Emotional anticipation of the school-to-work transition: A multigroup latent profile analysis. The Career Development Quarterly 70:4 (2022), 284–299, 10.1002/cdq.12309.
Parmentier, M., Pirsoul, T., Nils, F., Examining the impact of emotional intelligence on career adaptability: A two-wave cross-lagged study. Personality and Individual Differences, 151(December 2018), 2019, 109446, 10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.052.
Parmentier, M., Pirsoul, T., Nils, F., Career adaptability profiles and their relations with emotional and decision-making correlates among Belgian undergraduate students. Journal of Career Development 49:4 (2022), 934–950, 10.1177/08948453211005553.
Pekaar, K.A., van der Linden, D., Bakker, A.B., Born, M.P., Dynamic self- and other-focused emotional intelligence: A theoretical framework and research agenda. Journal of Research in Personality, 86, 2020, 103958, 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103958.
Peña-Sarrionandia, A., Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J.J., Integrating emotion regulation and emotional intelligence traditions: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 2015, 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00160.
Peterson, R.A., Brown, S.P., On the use of beta coefficients in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 90:1 (2005), 175–181, 10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.175.
Petrides, K.V., Pita, R., Kokkinaki, F., The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space. British Journal of Psychology 98:2 (2007), 273–289, 10.1348/000712606X120618.
Pirsoul, T., Parmentier, M., Nils, F., One step beyond emotional intelligence measurement in the career development of adult learners: A bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling framework. Current Psychology,1-17, 2021, 10.1007/s12144-021-01772-x.
Pirsoul, T., Parmentier, M., Nils, F., Emotional intelligence profiles and job search correlates in the context of the school-to-work transition. Journal of Career Development, 2022, 10.1177/08948453221141445.
Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y., Podsakoff, N.P., Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 2003, 879, 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.
Powell, G.N., Butterfield, D.A., The glass ceiling: What have we learned 20 years on?. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance 2:4 (2015), 306–326, 10.1108/JOEPP-09-2015-0032.
R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 2020, R Core Team https://www.r-project.org/.
Rode, J.C., Arthaud-Day, M., Ramaswami, A., Howes, S., A time-lagged study of emotional intelligence and salary. Journal of Vocational Behavior 101:May (2017), 77–89, 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.05.001.
Rothwell, A., Arnold, J., Self-perceived employability: Development and validation of a scale. Personnel Review 36:1 (2007), 23–41, 10.1108/00483480710716704.
Rudolph, C.W., Improving careers science: Ten recommendations to enhance the credibility of vocational behavior research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 126(February), 2021, 103560, 10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103560.
Rudolph, C.W., Chang, C.K., Rauvola, R.S., Zacher, H., Meta-analysis in vocational behavior: A systematic review and recommendations for best practices. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 118, 2020, 103397, 10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103397.
Rudolph, C.W., Lavigne, K.N., Zacher, H., Career adaptability: A meta-analysis of relationships with measures of adaptivity, adapting responses, and adaptation results. Journal of Vocational Behavior 98 (2017), 17–34, 10.1016/j.jvb.2016.09.002.
Saka, N., Gati, I., Kelly, K.R., Emotional and personality-related aspects of career-decision-making difficulties. Journal of Career Assessment 16:4 (2008), 403–424, 10.1177/1069072708318900.
Saklofske, D.H., Austin, E.J., Minski, P.S., Factor structure and validity of a trait emotional intelligence measure. Personality and Individual differences 34:4 (2003), 707–721, 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00056-9.
Saks, A.M., Ashforth, B.E., Effects of individual differences and job search behaviors on the employment status of recent university graduates. Journal of Vocational Behavior 54:2 (1999), 335–349, 10.1006/jvbe.1998.1665.
Santos, A., Wang, W., Lewis, J., Emotional intelligence and career decision-making difficulties: The mediating role of career decision self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior 107:May (2018), 295–309, 10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.008.
Savickas, M.L., Career construction theory and practice. Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., (eds.) Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research into work, 2nd ed, 2013, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 147–183.
Savickas, M.L., Porfeli, E.J., Career adapt-abilities scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior 80:3 (2012), 661–673, 10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011.
Schreuder, A., Coetzee, M., The relation between career anchors emotional intelligence and employability satisfaction among workers in the service industry. Southern African Business Review 15:3 (2011), 76–97.
Seibert, S.E., Crant, J.M., Kraimer, M.L., Proactive personality and career success. Journal of applied psychology, 84(3), 1999, 416.
Seibert, S.E., Kraimer, M.L., Liden, R.C., A social capital theory of career success. Academy of Management 44:2 (2001), 219–237.
Sullivan, S.E., Al Ariss, A., Making sense of different perspectives on career transitions: A review and agenda for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 31(1), 2021, 10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100727.
Sullivan, S.E., Al Ariss, A., A conservation of resources approach to inter-role career transitions. Human Resource Management Review, 32(3), 2022, 100852, 10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100852.
Sullivan, S.E., Baruch, Y., Advances in career theory and research: A critical review and agenda for future exploration. Journal of Management 35:6 (2009), 1542–1571, 10.1177/0149206309350082.
Sultana, R., Yousaf, A., Khan, I., Saeed, A., Probing the interactive effects of career commitment and emotional intelligence on perceived objective/subjective career success. Personnel Review 45:4 (2016), 724–742, 10.1108/PR-11-2014-0265.
Super, D.E., The psychology of careers; an introduction to vocational development, 1957, Harper & Bros.
Sy, T., Tram, S., O'Hara, L.A., Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior 68:3 (2006), 461–473, 10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.003.
Udayar, S., Fiori, M., Thalmayer, A.G., Rossier, J., Investigating the link between trait emotional intelligence, career indecision, and self-perceived employability: The role of career adaptability. Personality and Individual Differences 135:June (2018), 7–12, 10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.046.
Urquijo, I., Extremera, N., Azanza, G., The contribution of emotional intelligence to career success: Beyond personality traits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 2019, 10.3390/ijerph16234809.
Van Der Heijde, C.M., Van Der Heijden, B.I.J.M., A competence-based and multidimensional operationalization and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management 45:3 (2006), 449–476, 10.1002/hrm.20119.
Vashisht, S., Kaushal, P., Vashisht, R., Emotional intelligence, personality variables and career adaptability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, 2021, 10.1177/0972262921989877 097226292198987.
Vesely Maillefer, A., Udayar, S., Fiori, M., Enhancing the prediction of emotionally intelligent behavior: The PAT integrated framework involving trait EI, ability EI, and emotion information processing. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2018, 1078, 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01078.
Wen, Y., Chen, H., Pang, L., Gu, X., The relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial self-efficacy of Chinese vocational college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 2020, 4511, 10.3390/ijerph17124511.
Wiernik, B.M., Dahlke, J.A., Obtaining unbiased results in meta-analysis: The importance of correcting for statistical artifacts. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 3:1 (2020), 94–123, 10.1177/2515245919885611.
Young, R.A., Valach, L., Collin, A., A contextual explanation of career. Brown, D., Brooks, L., (eds.) Career choice and development, 3rd ed., 1996, Jossey-Bas, 477–512.
Zampetakis, L.A., Kafetsios, K., Bouranta, N., Dewett, T., Moustakis, V.S., On the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 15:6 (2009), 595–618, 10.1108/13552550910995452.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S.E., Lumpkin, G.T., The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management 36:2 (2010), 381–404, 10.1177/0149206309335187.