techniques: photometric; stars: low-mass; planets and satellites:; individual: TOI-2096; Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract :
[en] Context. Several planetary formation models have been proposed to explain the observed abundance and variety of compositions of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes. In this context, multitransiting systems orbiting low-mass stars whose planets are close to the radius valley are benchmark systems, which help to elucidate which formation model dominates. Aims: We report the discovery, validation, and initial characterization of one such system, TOI-2096 (TIC 142748283), a two-planet system composed of a super-Earth and a mini-Neptune hosted by a mid-type M dwarf located 48 pc away. Methods: We characterized the host star by combining optical spectra, analyzing its broadband spectral energy distribution, and using evolutionary models for low-mass stars. Then, we derived the planetary properties by modeling the photometric data from TESS and ground-based facilities. In addition, we used archival data, high-resolution imaging, and statistical validation to support our planetary interpretation. Results: We found that the stellar properties of TOI-2096 correspond to a dwarf star of spectral type M4±0.5. It harbors a super-Earth (R = 1.24 ± 0.07 R⊕) and a mini-Neptune (R = 1.90 ± 0.09 R⊕) in likely slightly eccentric orbits with orbital periods of 3.12 d and 6.39 d, respectively. These orbital periods are close to the first-order 2:1 mean-motion resonance (MMR), a configuration that may lead to measurable transit timing variations (TTVs). We computed the expected TTVs amplitude for each planet and found that they might be measurable with high-precision photometry delivering mid-transit times with accuracies of ≲2 min. Moreover, we conclude that measuring the planetary masses via radial velocities (RVs) could also be possible. Lastly, we found that these planets are among the best in their class to conduct atmospheric studies using the NIRSpec/Prism onboard the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Conclusions: The properties of this system make it a suitable candidate for further studies, particularly for mass determination using RVs and/or TTVs, decreasing the scarcity of systems that can be used to test planetary formation models around low-mass stars.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Pozuelos, F. J.; University of Liege, Belgium, Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia, University of Liege, Laboratory of Planetary and Atmospheric Physics
Timmermans, Mathilde ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization
Rackham, B. V.; MIT, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, MIT, Center for Space Research/Kavli Institute
Garcia, Lionel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization
Burgasser, A. J.; University of California, San Diego, Center for Astrophysics and Space Science
Kane, S. R.; University of California, Riverside, Department of Earth Sciences
Günther, M. N.; European Space Research and Technology Centre
Stassun, K. G.; Vanderbilt University, Department of Physics and Astronomy
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Dévora-Pajares, M.; Dpt. Física Teòrica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
Luque, R.; University of Chicago, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia
Edwards, B.; CEA Saclay, Service d'Astrophysique, University College London, Department of Physics and Astronomy
Niraula, P.; MIT, Department of Earth and Planetary Science
Schanche, N.; University of Bern, Switzerland, University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland
Wells, R. D.; University of Bern, Switzerland
Ducrot, E.; CEA Saclay, Service d'Astrophysique
Howell, S.; NASA Ames Research Center
Sebastian, D.; University of Birmingham, School of Physics and Astronomy
Barkaoui, Khalid ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization
Waalkes, W.; University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences
Cadieux, C.; University of Montreal, Department of Physics
Doyon, R.; University of Montreal, Department of Physics, -
Boyle, R. P.; Vatican Observatory
Dietrich, J.; Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
Burdanov, A.; MIT, Department of Earth and Planetary Science
Delrez, Laetitia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization
Demory, B. -O.; University of Bern, Switzerland
de Wit, J.; MIT, Department of Earth and Planetary Science
Dransfield, G.; University of Birmingham, School of Physics and Astronomy
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Gómez Maqueo Chew, Y.; Universidad Nacional Autönoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía, AP 70-264, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
Hooton, M. J.; University of Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy
Jehin, Emmanuel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Origines Cosmologiques et Astrophysiques (OrCa)
Murray, C. A.; University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy
Pedersen, P. P.; University of Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy
Queloz, D.; University of Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy
Thompson, S. J.; University of Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy
Triaud, A. H. M. J.; University of Birmingham, School of Physics and Astronomy
Collins, K. A.; Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Fausnaugh, M. M.; MIT, Center for Space Research/Kavli Institute
Hedges, C.; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland
Hesse, K. M.; MIT, Center for Space Research/Kavli Institute
Jenkins, J. M.; NASA Ames Research Center
Kunimoto, M.; MIT, Center for Space Research/Kavli Institute
Latham, D. W.; Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Shporer, A.; MIT, Center for Space Research/Kavli Institute
Ting, E. B.; NASA Ames Research Center
Torres, G.; Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Amado, P.; Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia
Rodón, J. R.; Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia
Rodríguez-López, C.; Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia
Suárez, J. C.; Dpt. Física Teòrica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
Alonso, R.; Astrophysical Institute of the Canaries, University of La Laguna, Department of Astrophysics
Benkhaldoun, Z.; Oukaimeden Observatory, High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Faculty of sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
Berta-Thompson, Z. K.; University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences
Chinchilla, P.; University of Liege, Belgium, Astrophysical Institute of the Canaries
Gómez-Muñoz, M. A.; Universidad Nacional Autönoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía, AP 70-264, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
Rebolo, R.; Astrophysical Institute of the Canaries, University of La Laguna, Department of Astrophysics
Sabin, L.; Universidad Nacional Autönoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía, AP 70-264, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
Schroffenegger, U.; University of Bern, Switzerland
Furlan, E.; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech/IPAC, Mail Code 10022, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
Gnilka, C.; NASA Ames Research Center, -
Lester, K.; NASA Ames Research Center
Scott, N.; The CHARA Array, Georgia State University, USA
Aganze, C.; University of California, San Diego, Center for Astrophysics and Space Science
Gerasimov, R.; University of California, San Diego, Center for Astrophysics and Space Science
Hsu, C.; Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, 1800 Sherman, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
Theissen, C.; University of California, San Diego, Center for Astrophysics and Space Science
Apai, D.; Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and Department of Planetary Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
Chen, W. P.; National Central University, Taiwan, Institute of Astronomy
Gabor, P.; Vatican Observatory
Henning, T.; Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg
Mancini, L.; Tor Vergata University, Department of Physics, Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Astronomical Observatory of Turin, -
Mugnai, L. V., Pascale, E., Edwards, B., Papageorgiou, A., & Sarkar, S. 2020, Exp. Astron., 50, 303
Muirhead, P. S., Johnson, J. A., Apps, K., et al. 2012, ApJ, 747, 144
Niraula, P., Wit, J. d., Rackham, B. V., et al. 2020, AJ, 160, 172
Otegi, J. F., Bouchy, F., & Helled, R. 2020, A&A, 634, A43
Owen, J. E., & Campos Estrada, B. 2020, MNRAS, 491, 5287
Owen, J. E., & Wu, Y. 2013, ApJ, 775, 105
Petigura, E. A., Howard, A. W., Marcy, G. W., et al. 2017, AJ, 154, 107
Pozuelos, F. J., Suarez, J. C., de Elia, G. C., et al. 2020, A&A, 641, A23
Queloz, D., Bouchy, F., Moutou, C., et al. 2009, A&A, 506, 303
Quinn, S. N., Becker, J. C., Rodriguez, J. E., et al. 2019, AJ, 158, 177
Quirrenbach, A., & Consortium, C. 2020, Int. Soc. Opt. Phot. SPIE, 11447, 701
Rasmussen, C. E. 2004, Gaussian Processes in Machine Learning, eds. O. Bousquet, U. von Luxburg, & G. Ratsch (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg), 63
Raymond, S. N., & Morbidelli, A. 2022, Astrophys. Space Sci. Lib., 466, 3
Raymond, S. N., Boulet, T., Izidoro, A., Esteves, L., & Bitsch, B. 2018, MNRAS, 479, L81
Raymond, S. N., Izidoro, A., & Morbidelli, A. 2020, in Planetary Astrobiology, eds. V. S. Meadows, G. N. Arney, B. E. Schmidt, & D. J. Des Marais (Tucson: University of Arizona Press), 287
Rein, H., & Liu, S.-F. 2012, A&A, 537, A128
Rein, H., & Tamayo, D. 2015, MNRAS, 452, 376
Reyle, C., Jardine, K., Fouque, P., et al. 2021, A&A, 650, A201
Rice, K., Malavolta, L., Mayo, A., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 484, 3731
Riddick, F. C., Roche, P. F., & Lucas, P. W. 2007, MNRAS, 381, 1067
Rogers, L. A., Bodenheimer, P., Lissauer, J. J., & Seager, S. 2011, ApJ, 738, 59
Scargle, J. D. 1982, ApJ, 263, 835
Schanche, N., Pozuelos, F. J., Gunther, M. N., et al. 2022, A&A, 657, A45
Schwab, C., Rakich, A., Gong, Q., et al. 2016, SPIE Conf. Ser., 9908, 99087H
Scott, N. J., Howell, S. B., Gnilka, C. L., et al. 2021, Front. Astron. Space Sci., 8, 138
Seager, S., & Mallen-Ornelas, G. 2003, ApJ, 585, 1038
Sebastian, D., Pedersen, P. P., Murray, C. A., et al. 2020, Proc. SPIE, 11445, 1144521
Sebastian, D., Gillon, M., Ducrot, E., et al. 2021, A&A, 645, A100
Seifahrt, A., Bean, J. L., Sturmer, J., et al. 2016, SPIE Conf. Ser., 9908, 990818
Smith, J. C., Stumpe, M. C., Van Cleve, J. E., et al. 2012, PASP, 124, 1000
Speagle, J. S. 2020, MNRAS, 493, 3132
Stassun, K. G., & Torres, G. 2016, AJ, 152, 180
Stassun, K. G., & Torres, G. 2021, ApJ, 907, L33
Stassun, K. G., Collins, K. A., & Gaudi, B. S. 2017, AJ, 153, 136
Stassun, K. G., Corsaro, E., Pepper, J. A., & Gaudi, B. S. 2018a, AJ, 155, 22
Stassun, K. G., Oelkers, R. J., Pepper, J., et al. 2018b, AJ, 156, 102
Stumpe, M. C., Smith, J. C., Van Cleve, J. E., et al. 2012, PASP, 124, 985
Stumpe, M. C., Smith, J. C., Catanzarite, J. H., et al. 2014, PASP, 126, 100
Tamayo, D., Cranmer, M., Hadden, S., et al. 2020, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 117, 18194
