Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous); Structural Biology; Biotechnology
Abstract :
[en] Due to their extensive use and the globalized commerce of agricultural goods, pesticides have become a global concern. Despite the undoubtful advantages of their use in agricultural practices, their misuse is a threat to the environment and human health. Their analysis in environmental samples and in food products continues to gain interest in the analytical chemistry community as they are challenging matrices, and legal concentration limits are particularly low (in the order of ppb). In particular, the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has gained special attention in this field thanks to its potential to minimize the matrix effect, while enriching its concentration, allowing very low limits of detection, and without the need of a large amount of solvents or lengthy procedures. Moreover, its combination with gas chromatography (GC) can be easily automated, making it a very interesting approach for routine analysis. In this review, advances and analytical strategies for the use of SPME coupled with GC are discussed and compared for the analysis of pesticides in food and environmental samples, hopefully encouraging its further development and routine application in this field.
Precision for document type :
Review article
Disciplines :
Chemistry
Author, co-author :
Aspromonte, Juan
Lancioni, Carlina
Purcaro, Giorgia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Chimie des agro-biosystèmes
Language :
English
Title :
Solid-Phase Microextraction—Gas Chromatography Analytical Strategies for Pesticide Analysis
Arthur C.L. Pawliszyn J. Solid Phase Microextraction with Thermal Desorption Using Fused Silica Optical Fibers Anal. Chem. 1990 62 2145 2148 10.1021/ac00218a019
Panighel A. Flamini R. Applications of Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) in the Study of Grape and Wine Volatile Compounds Molecules 2014 19 21291 21309 10.3390/molecules191221291 25529017
Riboni N. Fornari F. Bianchi F. Careri M. Recent Advances in in Vivo Spme Sampling Separations 2020 7 6 10.3390/separations7010006
Moreira N. Lopes P. Cabral M. Guedes de Pinho P. HS-SPME/GC-MS Methodologies for the Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Cork Material Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2016 242 457 466 10.1007/s00217-016-2636-x
Kataoka H. Saito K. Recent Advances in SPME Techniques in Biomedical Analysis J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2011 54 926 950 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.010
Pati S. Tufariello M. Crupi P. Coletta A. Grieco F. Losito I. Quantification of Volatile Compounds in Wines by HS-SPME-GC/MS: Critical Issues and Use of Multivariate Statistics in Method Optimization Processes 2021 9 662 10.3390/pr9040662
Ouyang G. Pawliszyn J. SPME in Environmental Analysis Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2006 386 1059 1073 10.1007/s00216-006-0460-z
Souza-Silva É.A. Jiang R. Rodríguez-Lafuente A. Gionfriddo E. Pawliszyn J. A Critical Review of the State of the Art of Solid-Phase Microextraction of Complex Matrices I. Environmental Analysis TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2015 71 224 235 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.016
de Fátima Alpendurada M. Solid-Phase Microextraction: A Promising Technique for Sample Preparation in Environmental Analysis J. Chromatogr. A 2000 889 3 14 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00453-2
Environmental Protection Agency What Is a Pesticide? Available online: https://www.epa.gov/minimum-risk-pesticides/what-pesticide (accessed on 28 August 2022)
Hassaan M.A. El Nemr A. Pesticides Pollution: Classifications, Human Health Impact, Extraction and Treatment Techniques Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 2020 46 207 220 10.1016/j.ejar.2020.08.007
Narenderan S.T. Meyyanathan S.N. Babu B. Review of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Fruits and Vegetables. Pre-Treatment, Extraction and Detection Techniques Food Res. Int. 2020 133 109141 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109141
Rani L. Thapa K. Kanojia N. Sharma N. Singh S. Grewal A.S. Srivastav A.L. Kaushal J. An Extensive Review on the Consequences of Chemical Pesticides on Human Health and Environment J. Clean. Prod. 2021 283 124657 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124657
Fenik J. Tankiewicz M. Biziuk M. Properties and Determination of Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables TrAC-Trends Anal. Chem. 2011 30 814 826 10.1016/j.trac.2011.02.008
Li Z. Jennings A. Worldwide Regulations of Standard Values of Pesticides for Human Health Risk Control: A Review Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017 14 826 10.3390/ijerph14070826
Tobiszewski M. Mechlinska A. Namie J. Green Analytical Chemistry—Theory and Practice Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010 39 2869 2878 10.1039/b926439f
Armenta S. Garrigues S. Esteve-Turrillas F.A. de la Guardia M. Green Extraction Techniques in Green Analytical Chemistry TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 2019 116 248 253 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.016
Elsevier Scopus Available online: https://www.scopus.com/results/results.uri?sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=pesticides&st2=gas+chromatography&searchTerms=SPME%3f%21%22*%24&sid=b6292b113259b87b3290315e5d5d5364&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=89&s=%28TITLE-ABS-KEY%28pesticides%29+AND+TITLE-ABS-KEY%28gas+chromatography%29+AND+TITLE-ABS-KEY%28SPME%29%29&origin=searchbasic&editSaveSearch=&yearFrom=Before+1960&yearTo=Present (accessed on 28 August 2022)
Zhang Q.H. Zhou L.D. Chen H. Wang C.Z. Xia Z.N. Yuan C.S. Solid-Phase Microextraction Technology for in Vitro and in Vivo Metabolite Analysis TrAC-Trends Anal. Chem. 2016 80 57 65 10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.017
Reyes-Garcés N. Gionfriddo E. Gómez-Ríos G.A. Alam M.N. Boyacl E. Bojko B. Singh V. Grandy J. Pawliszyn J. Advances in Solid Phase Microextraction and Perspective on Future Directions Anal. Chem. 2018 90 302 360 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04502
Pawliszyn J. Theory of Solid-Phase Microextraction Handbook of Solid Phase Microextraction Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2012 13 59 9780124160170
Lancioni C. Castells C. Candal R. Tascon M. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction: Fundamentals and Recent Advances Adv. Sample Prep. 2022 3 100035 10.1016/j.sampre.2022.100035
Gómez-Ríos G.A. Garcés N.R. Tascon M. Smart Materials in Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) Handbook of Smart Materials in Analytical Chemistry John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Chichester, UK 2019 581 620
Patel D.I. Roychowdhury T. Shah D. Jacobsen C. Herrington J.S. Hoisington J. Myers C. Salazar B.G. Walker A.V. Bell D.S. et al. 6-Phenylhexyl Silane Derivatized, Sputtered Silicon Solid Phase Microextraction Fiber for the Parts-per-trillion Detection of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Baby Formula J. Sep. Sci. 2021 44 2824 2836 10.1002/jssc.202100266
Dugheri S. Mucci N. Cappelli G. Trevisani L. Bonari A. Bucaletti E. Squillaci D. Arcangeli G. Advanced Solid-Phase Microextraction Techniques and Related Automation: A Review of Commercially Available Technologies J. Anal. Methods Chem. 2022 2022 10.1155/2022/8690569
David F. Ochiai N. Sandra P. Two Decades of Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction: A Retrospective and Future Outlook TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2019 112 102 111 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.006
Herrington J.S. Gómez-Ríos G.A. Myers C. Stidsen G. Bell D.S. Hunting Molecules in Complex Matrices with Spme Arrows: A Review Separations 2020 7 12 10.3390/separations7010012
Jiang R. Pawliszyn J. Thin-Film Microextraction Offers Another Geometry for Solid-Phase Microextraction TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2012 39 245 253 10.1016/j.trac.2012.07.005
Piri-Moghadam H. Gionfriddo E. Grandy J.J. Alam M.N. Pawliszyn J. Development and Validation of Eco-Friendly Strategies Based on Thin Film Microextraction for Water Analysis J. Chromatogr. A 2018 1579 20 30 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.026
Merkle S. Kleeberg K. Fritsche J. Recent Developments and Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) in Food and Environmental Analysis—A Review Chromatography 2015 2 293 381 10.3390/chromatography2030293
Raeppel C. Fabritius M. Nief M. Appenzeller B.M.R. Millet M. Coupling ASE, Sylilation and SPME–GC/MS for the Analysis of Current-Used Pesticides in Atmosphere Talanta 2014 121 24 29 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.040
Henriksen T. Svensmark B. Lindhardt B. Juhler R.K. Analysis of Acidic Pesticides Using in Situ Derivatization with Alkylchloroformate and Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) for GC–MS Chemosphere 2001 44 1531 1539 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00532-4
Pena-Pereira F. Miniaturization in Sample Preparation De Gruyter Open Berlin, Germany 2014 978-3-11-041017-4
López-Lorente Á.I. Pena-Pereira F. Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Zuin V.G. Ozkan S.A. Psillakis E. The Ten Principles of Green Sample Preparation TrAC-Trends Anal. Chem. 2022 148 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116530
Abdulra’uf L.B. Tan G.H. Chemometric Approach to the Optimization of HS-SPME/GC–MS for the Determination of Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables Food Chem. 2015 177 267 273 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.031
Menezes Filho A. dos Santos F.N. de Paula Pereira P.A. Development, Validation and Application of a Methodology Based on Solid-Phase Micro Extraction Followed by Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (SPME/GC–MS) for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Mangoes Talanta 2010 81 346 354 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.12.008
Rodrigues F.d.M. Mesquita P.R.R. de Oliveira L.S. de Oliveira F.S. Menezes Filho A. de P. Pereira P.A. de Andrade J.B. Development of a Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Cow Milk Microchem. J. 2011 98 56 61 10.1016/j.microc.2010.11.002
Al-Alam J. Fajloun Z. Chbani A. Millet M. A Multiresidue Method for the Analysis of 90 Pesticides, 16 PAHs, and 22 PCBs in Honey Using QuEChERS–SPME Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2017 409 5157 5169 10.1007/s00216-017-0463-y
Cortés-Aguado S. Sánchez-Morito N. Arrebola F.J. Frenich A.G. Vidal J.L.M. Fast Screening of Pesticide Residues in Fruit Juice by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Food Chem. 2008 107 1314 1325 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.09.033
González-Rodríguez M.J. Arrebola Liébanas F.J. Garrido Frenich A. Martínez Vidal J.L. Sánchez López F.J. Determination of Pesticides and Some Metabolites in Different Kinds of Milk by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Low-Pressure Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2005 382 164 172 10.1007/s00216-005-3144-1
Del Castillo M.L.R. Rodriguez-Valenciano M. De La Peña Moreno F. Blanch G.P. Evaluation of Pesticide Residue Contents in Fruit Juice by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Talanta 2012 89 77 83 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.062
Ruiz del Castillo M.L. Rodríguez-Valenciano M. Flores G. Blanch G.P. New Method Based on Solid Phase Microextraction and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to Determine Pesticides in Strawberry Jam LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2019 99 283 290 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.09.063
Purcaro G. Quinto Tranchida P. Conte L. Obiedzińska A. Dugo P. Dugo G. Mondello L. Performance Evaluation of a Rapid-Scanning Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer in the Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Analysis of Pesticides in Water J. Sep. Sci. 2011 34 2411 2417 10.1002/jssc.201100085
Pang Y. Zang X. Li H. Liu J. Chang Q. Zhang S. Wang C. Wang Z. Solid-Phase Microextraction of Organophosphorous Pesticides from Food Samples with a Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from g-C3N4 Templated MOF as the Fiber Coating J. Hazard. Mater. 2020 384 121430 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121430
Sapahin H.A. Makahleh A. Saad B. Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Vegetables Using Solid Phase Micro-Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Flame Photometric Detector Arab. J. Chem. 2015 12 1934 1944 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.12.001
Souza-Silva É.A. Pawliszyn J. Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction with Matrix-Compatible Fiber Coating for Multiresidue Pesticide Analysis of Grapes by Gas Chromatography–Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (DI-SPME-GC-ToFMS) J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015 63 4464 4477 10.1021/jf506212j 25856792
Wang M. Zhou X. Zang X. Pang Y. Chang Q. Wang C. Wang Z. Determination of Pesticides Residues in Vegetable and Fruit Samples by Solid-Phase Microextraction with a Covalent Organic Framework as the Fiber Coating Coupled with Gas Chromatography and Electron Capture Detection J. Sep. Sci. 2018 41 4038 4046 10.1002/jssc.201800644 30211980
Zhang L. Gionfriddo E. Acquaro V. Pawliszyn J. Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction Analysis of Multi-Class Contaminants in Edible Seaweeds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Anal. Chim. Acta 2018 1031 83 97 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.066 30119747
Delinska K. Yavir K. Kloskowski A. Head-Space SPME for the Analysis of Organophosphorus Insecticides by Novel Silica IL-Based Fibers in Real Samples Molecules 2022 27 4688 10.3390/molecules27154688
Wu M. Chen G. Ma J. Liu P. Jia Q. Fabrication of Cross-Linked Hydrazone Covalent Organic Frameworks by Click Chemistry and Application to Solid Phase Microextraction Talanta 2016 161 350 358 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.041
Mee Kin C. Guan Huat T. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction for the Evaluation of Pesticide Residue Contents in Cucumber and Strawberry after Washing Treatment Food Chem. 2010 123 760 764 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.038
Boyd-boland A.A. Pawliszyn J.B. Solid-Phase Microextraction of Nitrogen-Containing Herbicides J. Chromatogr. A 1995 704 163 172 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00151-C
Zambonin C.G. Quinto M. De Vietro N. Palmisano F. Solid-Phase Microextraction–Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry: A Fast and Simple Screening Method for the Assessment of Organophosphorus Pesticides Residues in Wine and Fruit Juices Food Chem. 2004 86 269 274 10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.09.025
Fernandez-Alvarez M. Llompart M. Lamas J.P. Lores M. Garcia-Jares C. Cela R. Dagnac T. Development of a Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography with Microelectron-Capture Detection Method for a Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Bovine Milk Anal. Chim. Acta 2008 617 37 50 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.021
Akbarzade S. Chamsaz M. Rounaghi G.H. Ghorbani M. Zero Valent Fe-Reduced Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots as a Novel Magnetic Dispersive Solid Phase Microextraction Sorbent for Extraction of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Real Water and Fruit Juice Samples Prior to Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrom Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2018 410 429 439 10.1007/s00216-017-0732-9
Campillo N. Peñalver R. Aguinaga N. Hernández-Córdoba M. Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography with Atomic Emission Detection for Multiresidue Determination of Pesticides in Honey Anal. Chim. Acta 2006 562 9 15 10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.034
Zali S. Jalali F. Es-haghi A. Shamsipur M. Electrospun Nanostructured Polystyrene as a New Coating Material for Solid-Phase Microextraction: Application to Separation of Multipesticides from Honey Samples J. Chromatogr. B 2015 1002 387 393 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.07.061 26363374
Bouaid A. Ramos L. Gonzalez M. Fernández P. Cámara C. Solid-Phase Microextraction Method for the Determination of Atrazine and Four Organophosphorus Pesticides in Soil Samples by Gas Chromatography J. Chromatogr. A 2001 939 13 21 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01332-2
Boyd-boland A.A. Magdic S. Pawliszyn J.B. Simultaneous Determination of 60 Pesticides in Water Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analyst 1996 121 929 938 10.1039/AN9962100929
Beceiro-González E. Concha-Graña E. Guimaraes A. Gonçalves C. Muniategui-Lorenzo S. Alpendurada M.F. Optimisation and Validation of a Solid-Phase Microextraction Method for Simultaneous Determination of Different Types of Pesticides in Water by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry J. Chromatogr. A 2007 1141 165 173 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.042
Carabias-Martínez R. García-Hermida C. Rodríguez-Gonzalo E. Ruano-Miguel L. Behaviour of Carbamate Pesticides in Gas Chromatography and Their Determination with Solid-Phase Extraction and Solid-Phase Microextraction as Preconcentration Steps J. Sep. Sci. 2005 28 2130 2138 10.1002/jssc.200400047
Eisert R. Levsen K. Determination of Pesticides in Aqueous Samples by Solid-Phase Microextraction in-Line Coupled to Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1995 6 1119 1130 10.1016/1044-0305(95)00527-7
Elizarragaz-de la Rosa D. Guzmán-Mar J.L. Salas-Espinosa E.A. Heras-Ramírez M.E. Hinojosa-Reyes L. Gaspar-Ramírez O. Ruiz-Ruiz E.J. Multi-Residual Determination of Multi-Class Pesticides in Groundwater by Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction with Gas Chromatography-Selected Ion Monitoring Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS/SIM) Detection Water Air Soil Pollut. 2022 233 76 10.1007/s11270-022-05555-3
Gonçalves C. Alpendurada M.F. Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction-Gas Chromatography-(Tandem) Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for Pesticide Residue Analysis in Water Samples at High Sensitivity and Selectivity with Confirmation Capabilities J. Chromatogr. A 2004 1026 239 250 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.117
Gong X. Xu L. Huang S. Kou X. Lin S. Chen G. Ouyang G. Application of the NU-1000 Coated SPME Fiber on Analysis of Trace Organochlorine Pesticides in Water Anal. Chim. Acta 2022 1218 339982 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339982
Junior J. Repoppi N. Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Ground Water Samples Using Solid-Phase Microextraction by Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection Talanta 2007 72 1833 1841 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.02.024 19071840
Li H.-P. Li G.-C. Jen J.-F. Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water Using Microwave Assisted Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography J. Chromatogr. A 2003 1012 129 137 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00916-6
Perez-Trujillo J.P. Frías S. Sáchez M.J. Conde J.E. Rodríguez-Delgado M.A. Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides by Gas Chromatography with Solid-Phase Microextraction Chromatographia 2002 56 191 197 10.1007/BF02493211
Abolghasemi M.M. Hassani S. Bamorowat M. Efficient Solid-Phase Microextraction of Triazole Pesticides from Natural Water Samples Using a Nafion-Loaded Trimethylsilane-Modified Mesoporous Silica Coating of Type SBA-15 Microchim. Acta 2016 183 889 895 10.1007/s00604-015-1724-0
Derouiche A. Driss M.R. Morizur J.P. Taphanel M.H. Simultaneous Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Water by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction with Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry J. Chromatogr. A 2007 1138 231 243 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.064 17113095
Domínguez I. Arrebola F.J. Gavara R. Martínez Vidal J.L. Frenich A.G. Automated and Simultaneous Determination of Priority Substances and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Wastewater Using Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Anal. Chim. Acta 2017 1002 39 49 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.056
Chang S.M. Doong R.A. Concentration and Fate of Persistent Organochlorine Pesticides in Estuarine Sediments Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Chemosphere 2006 62 1869 1878 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.023
López F.J. Pitarch E. Egea S. Beltran J. Hernández F. Gas Chromatographic Determination of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticides in Human Fluids Using Solid Phase Microextraction Anal. Chim. Acta 2001 433 217 226 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)00793-0
Tsoukali H. Theodoridis G. Raikos N. Grigoratou I. Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Biological Samples J. Chromatogr. B 2005 822 194 200 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.05.035
Hernandez F. Pitarch E. Beltran J. Lopez F.J. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction in Combination with Gas Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticides in Whole Human Blood Q J. Chromatogr. B 2002 769 65 77 10.1016/S1570-0232(01)00627-4
Zhu F. Ruan W. He M. Zeng F. Luan T. Tong Y. Lu T. Ouyang G. Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Textiles by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Anal. Chim. Acta 2009 650 202 206 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.050 19720193
Leong W.-H. Teh S.-Y. Hossain M.M. Nadarajaw T. Zabidi-Hussin Z. Chin S.-Y. Lai K.-S. Lim S.-H.E. Application, Monitoring and Adverse Effects in Pesticide Use: The Importance of Reinforcement of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) J. Environ. Manag. 2020 260 109987 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109987 32090796
European Commission Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, Maximum Residue Levels of Pesticides in or on Food and Feed of Plant and Animal Origin Publications Office of the European Union Copenhagen, Denmark 2005
Page B.D. Lacroix G. Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction to the Headspace Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Halogenated Volatiles in Selected Foods J. Chromatogr. A 1993 648 199 211 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83303-A
Mascrez S. Psillakis E. Purcaro G. A Multifaceted Investigation on the Effect of Vacuum on the Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Anal. Chim. Acta 2020 1103 106 114 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.053
Möder M. Popp P. Eisert R. Pawliszyn J. Determination of Polar Pesticides in Soil by Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray/Mass Spectrometry Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem. 1999 363 680 685 10.1007/s002160051271
Hernandez F. Beltran J. Lopez F.J. Gaspar J.V. Use of Solid-Phase Microextraction for the Quantitative Determination of Herbicides in Soil and Water Samples Anal. Chem. 2000 72 2313 2322 10.1021/ac991115s
European Commission 2002/657/EC: Commission Decision of 12 August 2002 Implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC Concerning the Performance of Analytical Methods and the Interpretation of Results (Text with EEA Relevance) (Notified under Document Number C(2002) 3044) Publications Office of the European Union Copenhagen, Denmark 2002
Nollet L.M.L. De Gelder L.S.P. Handbook of Water Analysis CRC Press Boca Raton, FL, USA 2000 9780849384868
Barceló D. Environmental Protection Agency and Other Methods for the Determination of Priority Pesticides and Their Transformation Products in Water J. Chromatogr. 1993 643 117 143 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80546-K
Ghiasvand A. Yazdankhah F. Paull B. Heating-, Cooling- and Vacuum-Assisted Solid-Phase Microextraction (HCV-SPME) for Efficient Sampling of Environmental Pollutants in Complex Matrices Chromatographia 2020 83 531 540 10.1007/s10337-020-03869-0
Psillakis E. Vacuum-Assisted Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction: A Tutorial Review Anal. Chim. Acta 2017 986 12 24 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.033
Lv F. Gan N. Huang J. Hu F. Cao Y. Zhou Y. Dong Y. Zhang L. Jiang S. A Poly-Dopamine Based Metal-Organic Framework Coating of the Type PDA-MIL-53(Fe) for Ultrasound-Assisted Solid-Phase Microextraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Prior to Their Determination by GC-MS Microchim. Acta 2017 184 2561 2568 10.1007/s00604-017-2208-1
Wei M.C. Jen J.F. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Samples by Microwave Assisted Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography/Flame Ionization Detection Talanta 2007 72 1269 1274 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.01.017
Mascrez S. Purcaro G. Exploring Multiple-cumulative Trapping Solid-phase Microextraction for Olive Oil Aroma Profiling J. Sep. Sci. 2020 43 1934 1941 10.1002/jssc.202000098
Spadafora N.D. Mascrez S. McGregor L. Purcaro G. Exploring Multiple-Cumulative Trapping Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for Quality and Authenticity Assessment of Olive Oil Food Chem. 2022 383 132438 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132438
