CESAM - Complex and Entangled Systems from Atoms to Materials - ULiège
Disciplines :
Physics
Author, co-author :
Pogna, E. A. A.; NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, 56127, Italy, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
Jia, X.; Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, 55128, Germany
Principi, A.; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
Block, A.; Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
Banszerus, L.; JARA-FIT and Second Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, EU, Aachen, 52074, Germany
Liu, X.; Center for Nanochemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, China
Sohier, Thibault ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de physique > Physique des matériaux et nanostructures
Forti, S.; Center for Nanotechnology Innovation IIT@NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
Mehew, J. D.; Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
Trovatello, C.; Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
Coletti, C.; Center for Nanotechnology Innovation IIT@NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy, Graphene Laboratories, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
Koppens, F. H. L.; ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, BIST, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain, ICREA-Institució Catalana de Reçerca i Estudis Avancats, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
Bonn, M.; Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, 55128, Germany
Wang, H. I.; Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, 55128, Germany
Van Hulst, N.; ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, BIST, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain, ICREA-Institució Catalana de Reçerca i Estudis Avancats, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
Verstraete, Matthieu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de physique > Physique des matériaux et nanostructures
Peng, H.; Center for Nanochemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, China
Liu, Zhongfang
Stampfer, C.; JARA-FIT and Second Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, EU, Aachen, 52074, Germany
Cerullo, G.; Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
Tielrooij, K.-J.; Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
Hot-Carrier Cooling in High-Quality Graphene Is Intrinsically Limited by Optical Phonons
Publication date :
2021
Journal title :
ACS Nano
ISSN :
1936-0851
eISSN :
1936-086X
Publisher :
American Chemical Society
Volume :
15
Issue :
7
Pages :
11285-11295
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Tags :
Tier-1 supercomputer CÉCI : Consortium des Équipements de Calcul Intensif
Funders :
CEX2019-000910-S; PGC2018-096875-BI00; Fundación Cellex; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 804349; Institute for Applied Ecology, IAE: PID2019-111673GB-I00; Leverhulme Trust: RPG-2019-363; European Commission, EC; European Research Council, ERC: RYC-2017-22330; National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 51520105003, 52072042; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS; Generalitat de Catalunya: 670949-LightNet; Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, AGAUR: 2017SGR1369; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, MINECO: SEV-2017-0706; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, JGU; Horizon 2020: 873028, 881603, MSCA-RISE-2019 CÉCI - Consortium des Équipements de Calcul Intensif [BE] Tier-1
George, P. A.; Strait, J.; Dawlaty, J.; Shivaraman, S.; Chandrashekhar, M.; Rana, F.; Spencer, M. G. Ultrafast Optical-Pump Terahertz-Probe Spectroscopy of the Carrier Relaxation and Recombination Dynamics in Epitaxial Graphene. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4248-4251, 10.1021/nl8019399
Breusing, M.; Kuehn, S.; Winzer, T.; Malić, E.; Milde, F.; Severin, N.; Rabe, J. P.; Ropers, C.; Knorr, A.; Elsaesser, T. Ultrafast Nonequilibrium Carrier Dynamics in a Single Graphene Layer. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2011, 83, 153410, 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.153410
Brida, D.; Tomadin, A.; Manzoni, C.; Kim, Y. J.; Lombardo, A.; Milana, S.; Nair, R. R.; Novoselov, K. S.; Ferrari, A. C.; Cerullo, G.; Polini, M. Ultrafast Collinear Scattering and Carrier Multiplication in Graphene. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 1987, 10.1038/ncomms2987
Gierz, I.; Petersen, J. C.; Mitrano, M.; Cacho, C.; Turcu, I. C. E.; Springate, E.; Stöhr, A.; Köhler, A.; Starke, U.; Cavalleri, A. Snapshots of Non-Equilibrium Dirac Carrier Distributions in Graphene. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 1119-1124, 10.1038/nmat3757
Tielrooij, K.; Song, J.; Jensen, S. A.; Centeno, A.; Pesquera, A.; Elorza, A. Z.; Bonn, M.; Levitov, L.; Koppens, F. Photoexcitation Cascade and Multiple Hot-Carrier Generation in Graphene. Nat. Phys. 2013, 9, 248-252, 10.1038/nphys2564
Koppens, F. H. L.; Mueller, T.; Avouris, P.; Ferrari, A. C.; Vitiello, M. S.; Polini, M. Photodetectors Based on Graphene, Other Two-Dimensional Materials and Hybrid Systems. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 780-793, 10.1038/nnano.2014.215
Bandurin, D. A.; Svintsov, D.; Gayduchenko, I.; Xu, S. G.; Principi, A.; Moskotin, M.; Tretyakov, I.; Yagodkin, D.; Zhukov, S.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Polini, M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Geim, A. K.; Fedoro, G. Resonant Terahertz Detection Using Graphene Plasmons. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 5392, 10.1038/s41467-018-07848-w
Castilla, S.; Terrés, B.; Autore, M.; Viti, L.; Li, J.; Nikitin, A. Y.; Vangelidis, I.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Lidorikis, E.; Vitiello, M. S.; Hillenbrand, R.; Tielrooij, K.-J.; Koppens, F. H. L. Fast and Sensitive Terahertz Detection Using an Antenna-Integrated Graphene pn Junction. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 2765-2773, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04171
Viti, L.; Purdie, D. G.; Lombardo, A.; Ferrari, A. C.; Vitiello, M. S. HBN-Encapsulated, Graphene-Based, Room-Temperature Terahertz Receivers, with High Speed and Low Noise. Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 3169-3177, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05207
Romagnoli, M.; Sorianello, V.; Midrio, M.; Koppens, F. H. L.; Huyghebaert, C.; Neumaier, D.; Galli, P.; Templ, W.; Ferrari, A. C. Graphene-Based Integrated Photonics for Next-Generation Datacom and Telecom. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018, 3, 392-414, 10.1038/s41578-018-0040-9
Muench, J. E.; Ruocco, A.; Giambra, M. A.; Miseikis, V.; Zhang, D.; Wang, J.; Watson, H. F. Y.; Park, G. C.; Akhavan, S.; Sorianello, V.; Midrio, M.; Tomadin, A.; Coletti, C.; Romagnoli, M.; Ferrari, A. C.; Goykhman, I. Waveguide-Integrated, Plasmonic Enhanced Graphene Photodetectors. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 7632-7644, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02238
Hafez, H. A.; Kovalev, S.; Deinert, J. C.; Mics, Z.; Green, B.; Awari, N.; Chen, M.; Germanskiy, S.; Lehnert, U.; Teichert, J.; Wang, Z.; Tielrooij, K. J.; Liu, Z.; Chen, Z.; Narita, A.; Müllen, K.; Bonn, M.; Gensch, M.; Turchinovich, D. Extremely Efficient Terahertz High-Harmonic Generation in Graphene by Hot Dirac Fermions. Nature 2018, 561, 507-511, 10.1038/s41586-018-0508-1
Soavi, G.; Wang, G.; Rostami, H.; Purdie, D. G.; De Fazio, D.; Ma, T.; Luo, B.; Wang, J.; Ott, A. K.; Yoon, D.; Bourelle, S. A.; Muench, J. E.; Goykhman, I.; Dal Conte, S.; Celebrano, M.; Tomadin, A.; Polini, M.; Cerullo, G.; Ferrari, A. C. Broadband, Electrically Tunable Third-Harmonic Generation in Graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13, 583-588, 10.1038/s41565-018-0145-8
Soavi, G.; Wang, G.; Rostami, H.; Tomadin, A.; Balci, O.; Paradisanos, I.; Pogna, E. A. A.; Cerullo, G.; Lidorikis, E.; Polini, M.; Ferrari, A. C. Hot Electrons Modulation of Third-Harmonic Generation in Graphene. ACS Photonics 2019, 6, 2841-2849, 10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00928
Deinert, J.-C.; Iranzo, D. A.; Perez, R.; Jia, X.; Hafez, H. A.; Ilyakov, I.; Awari, N.; Chen, M.; Bawatna, M.; Ponomaryov, A. N.; Germanskiy, S.; Bonn, M.; Koppens, F. H. L.; Turchinovich, D.; Gensch, M.; Kovalev, S.; Tielrooij, K.-J. Grating-Graphene Metamaterial as a Platform for Terahertz Nonlinear Photonics. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 1145-1154, 10.1021/acsnano.0c08106
Gabor, N. M.; Song, J. C.; Ma, Q.; Nair, N. L.; Taychatanapat, T.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Levitov, L. S.; Jarillo-Herrero, P. Hot Carrier-Assisted Intrinsic Photoresponse in Graphene. Science 2011, 334, 648-652, 10.1126/science.1211384
Tielrooij, K.-J.; Piatkowski, L.; Massicotte, M.; Woessner, A.; Ma, Q.; Lee, Y.; Myhro, K. S.; Lau, C. N.; Jarillo-Herrero, P.; van Hulst, N. F.; Koppens, F. H. L. Generation of Photovoltage in Graphene on a Femtosecond Timescale through Efficient Carrier Heating. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 437-443, 10.1038/nnano.2015.54
Iglesias, J. M.; Pascual, E.; Martín, M. J.; Rengel, R. Relevance of Collinear Processes to the Ultrafast Dynamics of Photoexcited Carriers in Graphene. Phys. E 2020, 123, 114211, 10.1016/j.physe.2020.114211
Tomadin, A.; Hornett, S. M.; Wang, H. I.; Alexeev, E. M.; Candini, A.; Coletti, C.; Turchinovich, D.; Kläui, M.; Bonn, M.; Koppens, F. H. L.; Hendry, E.; Polini, M.; Tielrooij, K.-J. The Ultrafast Dynamics and Conductivity of Photoexcited Graphene at Different Fermi Energies. Sci. Adv. 2018, 4, eaar5313, 10.1126/sciadv.aar5313
Fong, K. C.; Wollman, E. E.; Ravi, H.; Chen, W.; Clerk, A. A.; Shaw, M. D.; Leduc, H. G.; Schwab, K. C. Measurement of the Electronic Thermal Conductance Channels and Heat Capacity of Graphene at Low Temperature. Phys. Rev. X 2013, 3, 41008, 10.1103/PhysRevX.3.041008
Kampfrath, T.; Perfetti, L.; Schapper, F.; Frischkorn, C.; Wolf, M. Strongly Coupled Optical Phonons in the Ultrafast Dynamics of the Electronic Energy and Current Relaxation in Graphite. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 95, 187403, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.187403
Hale, P. J.; Hornett, S. M.; Moger, J.; Horsell, D. W.; Hendry, E. Hot Phonon Decay in Supported and Suspended Exfoliated Graphene. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2011, 83, 121404, 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.121404
Mounet, N.; Marzari, N. First-Principles Determination of the Structural, Vibrational and Thermodynamic Properties of Diamond, Graphite, and Derivatives. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2005, 71, 205214, 10.1103/PhysRevB.71.205214
Mihnev, M. T.; Kadi, F.; Divin, C. J.; Winzer, T.; Lee, S.; Liu, C.-h.; Zhong, Z.; Berger, C.; Heer, W. A. D.; Malic, E.; Knorr, A.; Norris, T. B. Microscopic Origins of the Terahertz Carrier Relaxation and Cooling Dynamics in Graphene. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 11617, 10.1038/ncomms11617
Bistritzer, R.; MacDonald, A. H. Electronic Cooling in Graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 102, 206410, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.206410
Song, J. C. W.; Reizer, M. Y.; Levitov, L. S. Disorder-Assisted Electron-Phonon Scattering and Cooling Pathways in Graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109, 106602, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.106602
Betz, A. C.; Jhang, S. H.; Pallecchi, E.; Ferreira, R.; Fève, G.; Berroir, J.-M.; Plaçais, B. Supercollision Cooling in Undoped Graphene. Nat. Phys. 2013, 9, 109-112, 10.1038/nphys2494
Graham, M. W.; Shi, S.-F.; Wang, Z.; Ralph, D. C.; Park, J.; McEuen, P. L. Transient Absorption and Photocurrent Microscopy Show that Hot Electron Supercollisions Describe the Rate-Limiting Relaxation Step in Graphene. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 5497-502, 10.1021/nl4030787
Alencar, T. V.; Silva, M. G.; Malard, L. M.; de Paula, A. M. Defect-Induced Supercollision Cooling of Photoexcited Carriers in Graphene. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 5621-5624, 10.1021/nl502163d
Graham, M. W.; Shi, S. F.; Ralph, D. C.; Park, J.; McEuen, P. L. Photocurrent Measurements of Supercollision Cooling in Graphene. Nat. Phys. 2013, 9, 103-108, 10.1038/nphys2493
Tielrooij, K.-J.; Hesp, N. C. H.; Principi, A.; Lundeberg, M. B.; Pogna, E. A. A.; Banszerus, L.; Mics, Z.; Massicotte, M.; Schmidt, P.; Davydovskaya, D.; Purdie, D. G.; Goykhman, I.; Soavi, G.; Lombardo, A.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Bonn, M.; Turchinovich, D.; Stampfer, C.; Ferrari, A. C.; Cerullo, G.; Polini, M.; Koppens, F. H. L. Out-of-Plane Heat Transfer in van der Waals Stacks through Electron-Hyperbolic Phonon Coupling. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13, 41-46, 10.1038/s41565-017-0008-8
Principi, A.; Lundeberg, M. B.; Hesp, N. C.; Tielrooij, K. J.; Koppens, F. H.; Polini, M. Super-Planckian Electron Cooling in a van der Waals Stack. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2017, 118, 126804, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.126804
Yang, W.; Berthou, S.; Lu, X.; Wilmart, Q.; Denis, A.; Rosticher, M.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Fève, G.; Berroir, J.-m.; Zhang, G.; Voisin, C.; Baudin, E.; Plaçais, B. A Graphene Zener-Klein Transistor Cooled by a Hyperbolic Substrate. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13, 47-52, 10.1038/s41565-017-0007-9
Caldwell, J. D.; Kretinin, A. V.; Chen, Y.; Giannini, V.; Fogler, M. M.; Francescato, Y.; Ellis, C. T.; Tischler, J. G.; Woods, C. R.; Giles, A. J.; Hong, M.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Maier, S. A.; Novoselov, K. S. Sub-Diffractional Volume-Confined Polaritons in the Natural Hyperbolic Material Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5521, 10.1038/ncomms6221
Dean, C. R.; Young, A. F.; Meric, I.; Lee, C.; Wang, L.; Sorgenfrei, S.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Kim, P.; Shepard, K. L.; Hone, J. Boron Nitride Substrates for High-Quality Graphene Electronics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 722-726, 10.1038/nnano.2010.172
Wang, L.; Meric, I.; Huang, P.; Gao, Q.; Gao, Y.; Tran, H.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Campos, L.; Muller, D. A.; Guo, J.; Kim, P.; Hone, J.; Shepard, K. L.; Dean, C. R. One-Dimensional Electrical Contact to a Two-Dimensional Material. Science 2013, 342, 614-617, 10.1126/science.1244358
Banszerus, L.; Sohier, T.; Epping, A.; Winkler, F.; Libisch, F.; Haupt, F.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Müller-Caspary, K.; Marzari, N.; Mauri, F.; Beschoten, B.; Stampfer, C. Extraordinary High Room-Temperature Carrier Mobility in Graphene-WSe2Heterostructures. arXiv:1909.09523 http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.09523 (accessed December 25, 2020).
Backes, C.; Abdelkader, A. M.; Alonso, C.; Andrieux-Ledier, A.; Arenal, R.; Azpeitia, J.; Balakrishnan, N.; Banszerus, L.; Barjon, J.; Bartali, R.; Bellani, S.; Berger, C.; Berger, R.; Ortega, M. M.; Bernard, C.; Beton, P. H.; Beyer, A.; Bianco, A.; Bøggild, P.; Bonaccorso, A. et al. Production and Processing of Graphene and Related Materials. 2D Mater. 2020, 7, 022001, 10.1088/2053-1583/ab1e0a
Neumann, C.; Banszerus, L.; Schmitz, M.; Reichardt, S.; Sonntag, J.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Beschoten, B.; Stampfer, C. Line Shape of the Raman 2D Peak of Graphene in van der Waals Heterostructures. Phys. Status Solidi B 2016, 253, 2326-2330, 10.1002/pssb.201600283
Robinson, J. A.; Wetherington, M.; Tedesco, J. L.; Campbell, P. M.; Weng, X.; Stitt, J.; Fanton, M. A.; Frantz, E.; Snyder, D.; VanMil, B. L.; Jernigan, G. G.; Rachael, L. M. W.; Eddy, C. R.; Gaskill, D. K. Correlating Raman Spectral Signatures with Carrier Mobility in Epitaxial Graphene: A Guide to Achieving High Mobility on the Wafer Scale. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2873-2876, 10.1021/nl901073g
Kang, K.; Abdula, D.; Cahill, D. G.; Shim, M. Lifetimes of Optical Phonons in Graphene and Graphite by Time-Resolved Incoherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2010, 81, 165405, 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.165405
Lui, C. H.; Mak, K. F.; Shan, J.; Heinz, T. F. Ultrafast Photoluminescence from Graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 105, 127404, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.127404
Wang, H.; Strait, J. H.; George, P. A.; Shivaraman, S.; Shields, V. B.; Chandrashekhar, M.; Hwang, J.; Rana, F.; Spencer, M. G.; Ruiz-Vargas, C. S.; Park, J. Ultrafast Relaxation Dynamics of Hot Optical Phonons in Graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 081917, 10.1063/1.3291615
Wu, S.; Liu, W. T.; Liang, X.; Schuck, P. J.; Wang, F.; Shen, Y. R.; Salmeron, M. Hot Phonon Dynamics in Graphene. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 5495-5499, 10.1021/nl301997r
Bonini, N.; Lazzeri, M.; Marzari, N.; Mauri, F. Phonon Anharmonicities in Graphite and Graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 99, 176802, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.176802
Zhang, J.; Lin, L.; Sun, L.; Huang, Y.; Koh, A. L.; Dang, W.; Yin, J.; Wang, M.; Tan, C.; Li, T.; Tan, Z.; Liu, Z.; Peng, H. Clean Transfer of Large Graphene Single Crystals for High-Intactness Suspended Membranes and Liquid Cells. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1700639, 10.1002/adma.201700639
Lee, J. E.; Ahn, G.; Shim, J.; Lee, Y. S.; Ryu, S. Optical Separation of Mechanical Strain from Charge Doping in Graphene. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, 1024, 10.1038/ncomms2022
Malard, L. M.; Mak, K. F.; Neto, A. C.; Peres, N.; Heinz, T. F. Observation of Intra-and Inter-Band Transitions in the Transient Optical Response of Graphene. New J. Phys. 2013, 15, 015009, 10.1088/1367-2630/15/1/015009
Huang, L.; Gao, B.; Hartland, G.; Kelly, M.; Xing, H. Ultrafast Relaxation of Hot Optical Phonons in Monolayer and Multilayer Graphene on Different Substrates. Surf. Sci. 2011, 605, 1657-1661, 10.1016/j.susc.2010.12.009
Laitinen, A.; Kumar, M.; Oksanen, M.; Plaçais, B.; Virtanen, P.; Hakonen, P. Coupling between Electrons and Optical Phonons in Suspended Bilayer Graphene. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2015, 91, 121414, 10.1103/PhysRevB.91.121414
Viljas, J.; Heikkilä, T. Electron-Phonon Heat Transfer in Monolayer and Bilayer Graphene. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2010, 81, 245404, 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.245404
Sohier, T.; Calandra, M.; Park, C.-H.; Bonini, N.; Marzari, N.; Mauri, F. Phonon-Limited Resistivity of Graphene by First-Principles Calculations: Electron-Phonon Interactions, Strain-Induced Gauge Field, and Boltzmann Equation. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2014, 90, 125414, 10.1103/PhysRevB.90.125414
Betz, A. C.; Vialla, F.; Brunel, D.; Voisin, C.; Picher, M.; Cavanna, A.; Madouri, A.; Fève, G.; Berroir, J. M.; Plaçais, B.; Pallecchi, E. Hot Electron Cooling by Acoustic Phonons in Graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109, 056805, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.056805
Massicotte, M.; Soavi, G.; Principi, A.; Tielrooij, K. J. Hot Carriers in Graphene-Fundamentals and Applications. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 8376-8411, 10.1039/D0NR09166A
Block, A.; Liebel, M.; Yu, R.; Spector, M.; Sivan, Y.; de Abajo, F. G.; van Hulst, N. F. Tracking Ultrafast Hot-Electron Diffusion in Space and Time by Ultrafast Thermomodulation Microscopy. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaav8965, 10.1126/sciadv.aav8965