[en] Background:
Dry spells are serious obstacles to rainfed agriculture in Sahelian countries. Various water harvesting techniques are used by farmers to reduce the impact of climate variability, but are not sufficient in the case of a prolonged drought lasting 2–3 weeks. The farmers believe supplemental irrigation is a good way to adapt rainfed agriculture to dry spells. In this study, we evaluated the food contribution and profitability of supplemental irrigation of rainfed crops comparing various farm ponds that collect runoff water from the surrounding landscape.
Methods:
We analyzed the contribution of supplemental irrigation to food security and compared the profitability of different types of ponds constructed by farmers in northern Burkina Faso. Human cereal requirement was used as indicators to analyze the contribution of supplemental irrigation to food security. The criteria for analyzing the profitability of the selected ponds were gross margin (GM), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PBP).
Results:
Our results show that the additional yield of corn obtained with supplemental irrigation makes it possible to meet the monthly cereal needs of at least 17 people and generates an additional GM of FCFA 178,483 (US$ 309.26) compared to no irrigation. The estimate of the NPV, from IRR and PBP showed that the profitability of supplemental irrigation in 15 agricultural seasons varies between the type of ponds constructed.
Conclusions:
Given the up-front cost and the farmers’ lack of resources, the ponds require a subsidy or a credit policy to facilitate the adoption of supplemental irrigation in Sahelian countries. However, the irrigation strategies to optimize agricultural income remain a field of research to be explored.
Disciplines :
Agriculture & agronomy
Author, co-author :
Zongo, Bétéo
Barbier, Bruno
Diara, Abdoulaye
Zorom, Malicki
Atewamba, Calvin
Combary, Omer S.
Ouédraogo, Souleymane
Toé, Patrice
Hamma, Yacouba
Dogot, Thomas ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Modélisation et développement
Language :
English
Title :
Economic analysis and food security contribution of supplemental irrigation and farm ponds: evidence from northern Burkina Faso
Roose E, Kaboré V, Guénat C. Zai practice: a west african traditional rehabilitation system for semiarid degraded lands, a case study in Burkina Faso. Arid Soil Res Rehabil. 1999;13:343–435. DOI: 10.1080/089030699263230
Zongo B, Diarra A, Barbier B, Zorom M, Yacouba H, Dogot T. Farmers’ perception and willingness to pay for climate information in Burkina Faso. J Agric Sci. 2016;8(1):175–87. 10.5539/jas.v8n1p175. DOI: 10.5539/jas.v8n1p175
Sultan B. Global warming threatens agricultural productivity in Africa and South Asia. Environ Res Lett. 2012;7: 041001. 10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/041001. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/041001
Lodoun T, Giannini A, Traoré PS, et al. Changes in seasonal descriptors of precipitation in Burkina Faso associated with late 20th century drought and recovery in West Africa. Environ Dev. 2013;5(1):96–108. 10.1016/j.envdev.2012.11.010. DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2012.11.010
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018. Building Climate Resilience for Food Security and Nutrition. Rome, FAO. 2018; Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; 2018.
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. Transforming Food Systems for Food Security, Improved Nutrition and Affordable Healthy Diets for All. FO; 2021. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692en
CSAO/OCDE. Crise Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle 2020, Analyses & Réponses. Maps & Facts, No 3; 2020.
Comité Permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS). Normes de Consommation Des Principaux Produits Alimentaires Dans Les Pays Du Cilss. 2004.
Fraval S, Yameogo V, Ayantunde A, et al. Food security in rural Burkina Faso: the importance of consumption of own - farm sourced food versus purchased food. Agric Food Secur. 2020. 10.1186/s40066-020-0255-z. DOI: 10.1186/s40066-020-0255-z
FAO. Strengthening Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity in the Sahel and Western Africa. 2014. http://pscentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Strengthening-Resilience.pdf
FAO. Cereal Supply and Demand Balances for Sub-Saharan African Countries - Situation as of February 2021. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb3674en
Biazin B, Sterk G, Temesgen M, Abdulkedir A, Stroosnijder L. Rainwater harvesting and management in rainfed agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa - A review. Phys Chem Earth. 2012;47–48:139–51. 10.1016/j.pce.2011.08.015. DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2011.08.015
Sanfo S, Barbier B, Dabiré IWP, et al. Rainfall variability adaptation strategies: An ex-ante assessment of supplemental irrigation from farm ponds in southern Burkina Faso. Agric Syst. 2017;152:80–9. 10.1016/j.agsy.2016.12.011. DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2016.12.011
Dugue P. L’utilisation Des Ressources En Eau à l ’ Échelle d ’ Un Village : Perspectives de Développement de Petits Périmètres Irrigués de Saison Des Pluies et de Saison Sèche Au Yatenga. Contraintes Techniques et Socio-Économiques; 1986.
Somé L. Diagnostic agropédoclimatique du risque de sécheresse au Burkina Faso. Etude de quelques techniques agronomiques améliorant la résistance pour les cultures de sorgho, de mil et de maïs. 1989;(MONTPELLIER Il):281.
Fox P, Rockström J. Supplemental irrigation for dry-spell mitigation of rainfed agriculture in the Sahel. Agric Water Manag. 2003;61(1):29–50. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-3774(03)00008-8
FAO. The State of Food and Agriculture 2020. Overcoming Water Challenges in Agriculture. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56671-3_22
Li X, Waddington SR, Dixon J. The relative importance of drought and other water-related constraints for major food crops in South Asian farming systems. Food Secur. 2011;3:19–33. 10.1007/s12571-011-0111-x. DOI: 10.1007/s12571-011-0111-x
Zongo B, Diarra A, Barbier B, Zorom M, Yacouba H, Dogot T. Farmers’ practices and willingness to adopt supplemental irrigation in Burkina Faso. Int J Food Agric Econ. 2015;3(1):101–17.
Kemeze FH. Economic valuation of supplemental irrigation via small-scale water harvesting. Water Resour Econ. 2020. 10.1016/j.wre.2020.100160. DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2020.100160
Sarr B, Atta S, Ly M, et al. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Adapting to climate variability and change in smallholder farming communities: A case study from Burkina Faso. Chad and Niger. 2015;7(1):16–27. 10.5897/JAERD2014.0595. DOI: 10.5897/JAERD2014.0595
Zongo B, Diarra A, Barbier B, et al. Ex ante evaluation of supplemental irrigation in a Sahelian context: Coupling biophysical and economic models. Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ. 2019;23(3):14. 10.25518/1780-4507.18056. DOI: 10.25518/1780-4507.18056
Santeramo FG. Food security composite indices: implications for policy and practice. Dev Pract. 2015;25(4):594–600. 10.1080/09614524.2015.1029439. DOI: 10.1080/09614524.2015.1029439
Cafiero C, Melgar-qui HR, Ballard TJ, Kepple AW. Validity and reliability of food security measures 2. Anal New York Acad od Sci. 2015;40:1–19. 10.1111/nyas.12594. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12594
Leroy JL, Ruel M, Frongillo EA, Harris J, Ballard TJ. Measuring the food access dimension of food security: a critical review and mapping of indicators. Food Nutr Bull. 2015;36(2):167–95. 10.1177/0379572115587274. DOI: 10.1177/0379572115587274
Ike CU, Jacobs PT, Kelly C. A multidimensional approach to measuring household food security in Taraba State, Nigeria: comparing key indicators. Dev Pract. 2017;27(2):234–46. 10.1080/09614524.2017.1281225. DOI: 10.1080/09614524.2017.1281225
Maxwell D, Coates J, Vaitla B. How Do Different Indicators of Household Food Security Compare ? Empirical Evidence from Tigray. Feinstein International Center: Tufts University; 2013.
Santeramo FG. On the Composite Indicators for Food Security: Decisions Matter ! On the Composite Indicators for Food Security: Decisions Matter ! Food Rev Int. 2015;31:63–73. 10.1080/87559129.2014.961076. DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2014.961076
Funk CC, Brown ME. Declining global per capita agricultural production and warming oceans threaten food security. Food Secur. 2009;1:271–89. 10.1007/s12571-009-0026-y. DOI: 10.1007/s12571-009-0026-y
Zidouemba RP, Gerard F. Does Agricultural Productivity Actually Matter for Food Security in a Landlocked Sub-Saharan African Country ? The Case of Does Agricultural Productivity Actually Matter for Food Security in a Landlocked Sub-Saharan African Country ? The Case of Burkina F. Can J Agric Econ. 2018;66(1):106–42. 10.1111/cjag.12140. DOI: 10.1111/cjag.12140
Lebailly P, Dogot T, Bien VP, Khai TT. La Filière Rizicole Au Sud Du Viêt-Nam. Un Modèle Méthodologique. (Direction génarle de la coopération internale (Belgique), ed.). Les presses agronomiques de Gembloux; 2000.
Toutain B, Lhoste P. Essai d’estimation du coefficient d’utilisation de la biomasse herbacée par le bétail dans un périmètre sahélien. Rev Elev vétPays trop. 1978;31(1):95–101. DOI: 10.19182/remvt.8186
de Valero J, Martın-Benito JMT, Mata EL. MOPECO: an economic optimization model for irrigation water management. Irrig Sci. 2004;23:61–75. 10.1007/s00271-004-0094-x. DOI: 10.1007/s00271-004-0094-x
Li X, Gong J. Effects of different ridge: furrow ratios and supplemental irrigation on crop production in ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system with mulches. Agric Water M. 2002;54:243–54. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00172-X
Kafle K, Omotilewa O, Leh M, Schmitter P. Who is Likely to Benefit from Public and Private Sector Investments in Farmer-led Irrigation Development ? Evidence from Ethiopia Who is Likely to Benefit from Public and Private Sector Investments in Farmer-led Irrigation Development ? Evidence from Ethi. J Dev Stud. 2021;00(00):1–21. 10.1080/00220388.2021.1939866. DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2021.1939866
Merabeta BA, Boutiba A. L’irrigation de complement du ble dur influence de la nature du materiel vegetal et de la variabilite climatique interannuelle dans une plaine semi-aride d’algerie. Sci Technol C. 2005;23:72–9.
Alaoui EM. Développement de l ’ agriculture irriguée, dispositif juridique et institutionnel et stratégie de gestion de l ’ eau au Maroc. In: Bouarfa S, Kuper M, Debbarh A, eds. L’avenir de l’agriculture Irriguée En Méditerranée. Nouveaux Arrangements Institutionnels Pour Une Gestion de La Demande En Eau. CIRAD; 2007.
Barron J, Okwach G. Run-off water havesting for dry spell mitigation in maize (Zea mays L): results from on-fram research in semi-arid Kenya. Agric Water Manag. 2005;74:1–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2004.11.002
Muluneh A, Stroosnijder L, Keesstra S. Adapting to climate change for food security in the Rift Valley dry lands of Ethiopia: supplemental irrigation, plant density and sowing date. J Agric Sci. 2017. 10.1017/S0021859616000897. DOI: 10.1017/S0021859616000897
He X-F, Cao H, Li F-M. Econometric analysis of the determinants of adoption of rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation technology (RHSIT) in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. Agric Water Manag. 2007;89(3):243–50. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2007.01.006
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Transforming Food Systems for Affordable Healthy Diets. FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692en
Dembélé Y, Somé L, Zomboudré G, Diabri S. Irrigation de complément du riz pluvial sur des sols sableux conditionnés avec de la matière organique au sud-ouest du Burkina Faso. Sécheresse. 1999;10(2):143–9.
Some L, Ouattara K. Irrigation de complément pour améliorer la culture du sorgho au Burkina Faso. Agron Africaine. 2009;17(3):201–9.
Panigrahi B, Panda SN, Mal BC. Rainwater conservation and recycling by optimal size on-farm reservoir. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2007;50(4):459–74. 10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.08.002. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.08.002
