O. Adriani et al., Direct measurement of the cosmic-ray proton spectrum from 50 GeV to 10 TeV with the calorimetric electron telescope on the international space station. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2019). 10.1103/physrevlett.122.181102 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.181102
O. Adriani et al., Extended measurement of the cosmic-ray electron and positron spectrum from 11 GeV to 4.8 TeV with the calorimetric electron telescope on the international space station. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2018). 10.1103/physrevlett.120.261102 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.261102
S. Andresz, P. Crouail, Results of the EAN request on the radiological protection of aircrew. European ALARA Newsletter nº36 (2015), www.eu-alara.net. Accessed 12 Dec 2018
D.T. Bartlett, Radiation protection aspects of the cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 109, 349–355 (2004). 10.1093/rpd/nch311 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nch311
Battistoni G, Ferrari A, Pelliccioni M, Villari R (2005) Evaluation of the doses to aircrew members taking into consideration the aircraft structures. Adv Sp Res. 10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.037
G.A. Bazilevskaya, I.G. Usoskin, E.O. Fluckiger et al., Cosmic ray induced ion production in the atmosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 137, 149–173 (2008)
P. Beck, D.T. Bartlett, P. Bilski, C. Dyer, E. Flu, N. Fuller, P. Lantos, G. Reitz, F. Spurny, G. Taylor, F. Trompier, F. Wissmann, Radiation safety, applications division, health protection agency, space division, Paris-meudon Observatoire, Helmholzentrum Mu, Hampton Road, and Physikalisch-technische Bundesanstalt. Alidation Model. Radiat. Expo. 131(1), 51–58 (2008)
P. Beck, D.T. Bartlett, P. Bilski, C. Dyer, E. Flückiger, N. Fuller, P. Lantos, G. Reitz, W. Rühm, F. Spurny, G. Taylor, F. Trompier, F. Wissmann, Validation of modelling the radiation exposure due to solar particle events at aircraft altitudes, in Radiation Protection Dosimetry (2008)
M. Blettner, T. Boehm, J.-F. Bottollier-Depois, I. Clairand, F. Eberbach, G. Frasch, G.P. Hammer, C. Huet, V. Mares, W. Ruehm, H. Voelkle, Strahlenexposition Beim Fliegen—Ein Fall Fuer Den Strahlenschutz. Strahlenschutzpraxis (2014)
J.F. Bottollier-Depois, P. Beck, B. Bennett, L. Bennett, R. Butikofer, I. Clairand, L. Desorgher, C. Dyer, E. Felsberger, E. Fluckiger, A. Hands, P. Kindl, M. Latocha, B. Lewis, G. Leuthold, T. Maczka, V. Mares, M.J. McCall, K. O’Brien, S. Rollet, W. Ruhm, F. Wissmann, Comparison of codes assessing galactic cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 136, 317–323 (2009). 10.1093/rpd/ncp159 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp159
J.F. Bottollier-Depois, A. Biau, P. Blanchard, I. Clairand, P. Dessarps, P. Lantos, D. Saint-Lô, M. Valero, Assessing exposure to cosmic radiation aboard aircraft: the SIEVERT system. Radioprotection 38, 357–366 (2003). 10.1051/radiopro:2003013 DOI: 10.1051/radiopro:2003013
J.F. Bottollier-Depois, P. Blanchard, I. Clairand, P. Dessarps, N. Fuller, P. Lantos, D. Saint-Lo, F. Trompier, An operational approach for aircraft crew dosimetry: the SIEVERT system. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 125, 421–424 (2006). 10.1093/rpd/ncl555 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncl555
J.F. Bottollier-Depois, F. Trompier, I. Clairand, F. Spurny, D. Bartlett, P. Beck, B. Lewis, L. Lindborg, D. O’Sullivan, H. Roos, L. Tommasino, Exposure of aircraft crew to cosmic radiation: on-board intercomparison of various dosemeters. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 110, 411–415 (2004). 10.1093/rpd/nch217 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nch217
R. Butikofer, E. Fluckiger, L. Desorgher, M. Moser, The extreme solar cosmic ray particle event on 20 January 2005 and its influence on the radiation dose rate at aircraft altitude. Sci. Total Environ. 391(2–3), 177–183 (2008)
A. Cheminet, G. Hubert, V. Lacoste, D. Boscher, Measurements and Monte Carlo simulations of the spectral variations of the cosmic-ray-induced neutrons at the Pic Du Midi over a 2-y period. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 161, 284–289 (2014)
I. Clairand, N. Fuller, J.F. Bottollier-Depois, F. Trompier, The SIEVERT system for aircrew dosimetry. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 136, 282–285 (2009). 10.1093/rpd/ncp123 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp123
F.A. Cucinotta, W. Schimmerling, J.W. Wilson, L.E. Peterson, P.B. Saganti, J.F. Dicello, Uncertainties in estimates of the risks of late effects from space radiation. Adv. Space Res. 34(6), 1383–1389 (2004)
T.P. Dachev, Y.N. Matviichuk, J.V. Semkova, R.T. Koleva, B. Boichev, P. Baynov, N.A. Kanchev, P. Lakov, Y.J. Ivanov, P.T. Tomo, V.M. Petrov, V.I. Redko, V.I. Kojarinov, R. Tykva, Space radiation dosimetry with active detections for the scientific program of the second Bulgarian cosmonaut on board the MIR space station. Adv. Space Res. 9, 247–251 (1989). 10.1016/0273-1177(89)90445-6 DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(89)90445-6
G. Desmaris, Cosmic radiation in aviation: radiological protection of Air France aircraft crew. Ann. ICRP 45, 64–74 (2016). 10.1177/0146645316636009 DOI: 10.1177/0146645316636009
L. Dorman, Cosmic Rays in the Earth’s Atmosphere and Underground (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 2004), ISBN 1402020716
DOT/FAA/AM-92/2, Radiation Exposure of Air Carrier Crewmembers 2, n.d. 19 (1992)
C. Dyer, F. Lei, Monte Carlo calculations of the influence on aircraft radiation environments of structures and solar particle events. IEEE Trans. Nuclear Sci. 48, 1987–1995 (2001). 10.1109/23.983161 DOI: 10.1109/23.983161
EC, Radiation Protection 140, Cosmic Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew—Compilation of Measured and Calculated Data (European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS), Braunschweig, 2004)
EC, Radiation Protection N° 173, Comparison of Codes Assessing Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew due to Galactic Cosmic Radiation (Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2012)
EURADOS, EURADOS Report 2012–03. Comparison of Codes Assessing Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew due to Galactic Cosmic Radiation (European Radiation Dosimetry Group, Braunschweig, 2012)
A. Ferrari, M. Pelliccioni, T. Rancati, Calculation of the radiation environment caused by galactic cosmic rays for determining air crew exposure. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 93, 101–114 (2001)
G. Frasch, L. Kammerer, R. Karofsky, A. Schlosser, J. Spiesl, R. Stegemann, Die berufliche Strahlenexposition des fliegenden Personals in Deutschland 2004–2009. BfS-SG-15/11 (Salzgitter, Bundesamt fur Strahelneschutz, 2011), p. 42
G. Frasch, L. Kammerer, R. Karofsky, A. Schlosser, R. Stegemann, Radiation exposure of German aircraft crews under the impact of solar cycle 23 and airline business factors. Health Phys. 107, 542–554 (2014)
P. Goldhagen, M. Reginatto, T. Kniss, J.W. Wilson, R.C. Singleterry, I.W. Jones, Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic-ray induced neutrons aboard an ER-2 high-altitude airplane. Nuclear Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A: Accel., Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 476, 42–51 (2002)
M. Hajek, T. Berger, W. Schöner, N. Vana, Analysis of the neutron component at high altitude mountains using active and passive measurement devices. Nuclear Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A: Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 476, 69–73 (2002)
G.P. Hammer, A. Auvinen, B.L. De Stravola et al., Mortality from cancer and other causes in commercial airlines crews: a joint analysis of cohorts from 10 countries. Occup. Environ. Med. 71, 313–322 (2014)
D.H. Hathaway, The Solar Cycle. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 12(1), 1–81 (2015)
ICRP, Recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection. ICRP Publication 60. Ann. ICRP 21(1–3) (1991)
ICRP, General principles for the radiation protection of workers. ICRP Publication 75. Ann. ICRP 27(1) (1997)
ICRP, The 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection. ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37(2–4) (2007)
ICRP, Assessment of radiation exposure of astronauts in space. ICRP Publication 123. Ann. ICRP 42(4) (2013)
ICRP, Radiological protection from cosmic radiation in aviation. ICRP Publication 132. Ann. ICRP 45(1), 1–48 (2016)
ISO, ISO 20785. Dosimetry for Exposures to Cosmic Radiation in Civilian Aircraft—Part 2: Characterization of Instrument Response (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2011)
ISO, ISO 20785. Dosimetry for Exposures to Cosmic Radiation in Civilian Aircraft—Part 1: Conceptual Basis for Measurements (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2012)
ISO, ISO 20785. Dosimetry for Exposures to Cosmic Radiation in Civilian Aircraft—Part 3: Measurements at Aviation Altitude (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2013)
P. Lantos, Radiation doses potentially received on-board aeroplanes during recent solar particle events. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 118, 363–374 (2006). 10.1093/rpd/nci356 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci356
P. Lantos, N. Fuller, History of the solar particle event radiation doses on-board aeroplanes using a semi-empirical model and Concorde measurements. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 104, 199–210 (2003). 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006183 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006183
G. Leuthold, V. Mares, W. Rühm, E. Weitzenegger, H.G. Paretzke, Long-term measurements of cosmic ray neutrons by means of a Bonner spectrometer at mountain altitudes—first results. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 126, 506–511 (2007)
J. Lillhök, P. Beck, J.F. Bottollier-Depois, M. Latocha, L. Lindborg, H. Roos, J. Roth, H. Schraube, F. Spurny, G. Stehno, F. Trompier, F. Wissmann, A comparison of ambient dose equivalent meters and dose calculations at constant flight conditions. Radiat. Meas. 42, 323–333 (2007). 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.12.011 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.12.011
J. Lochard, D.T. Bartlett, W. Rühm, H. Yasuda, J.F. Bottollier-Depois, ICRP publication 132: radiological protection from cosmic radiation in aviation. Ann. ICRP 45, 5–48 (2016)
V. Mares, G. Leuthold, Altitude-dependent dose conversion coefficients in EPCARD. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 126, 581–584 (2007)
V. Mares, T. Maczka, G. Leuthold, W. Rühm, Air crew dosimetry with a new version of EPCARD. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (2009). 10.1093/rpd/ncp129 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp129
V. Mares, H. Yasuda, Aviation route doses calculated with EPCARD.Net and JISCARD EX. Radiat. Meas. 45(10), 1553–1556 (2010)
V. Mares, T. Maczka, G. Leuthold, W. Rühm, Air crew dosimetry with a new version of epcard. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 136(4), 262–266 (2009)
D. Matthia, B. Heber, G. Reitz et al., Temporal and spatial evolution of the solar energetic particle event on 20 January 2005 and resulting radiation doses in aviation. J. Geophys. Res. A: Space Phys. 114(8), art. no. A08104 (2009a)
D. Matthia, B. Heber, G. Reitz et al., The ground level event 70 on December 13th, 2006 and related effective doses at aviation altitudes. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 136(4), 304–310 (2009)
A.L. Mishev, F. Adibpour, I.G. Usoskin, E. Felsberger, Computation of dose rate at flight altitudes during ground level enhancements no. 69, 70 and 71. Adv. Space Res. 55, 354–362 (2015). 10.1016/j.asr.2014.06.020 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2014.06.020
T. Nakamura, Cosmic-ray neutron spectrometry and dosimetry. J. Nuclear Sci. Technol. 45, 1–7 (2008)
NCRP, Ionising Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States. NCRP Report 160 (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, 2009)
K. O’Brien, W. Friedberg, H.H. Sauer, D.F. Smart, Atmospheric cosmic rays and solar energetic particles at aircraft altitudes. Environ. Int. 22(1), 9–44 (1997)
D. O’Sullivan, D.T. Bartlett, P. Beck et al., Recent studies on the exposure of aircrew to cosmic and solar radiation. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 100(1–4), 495–498 (2002)
C. Pioch, V. Mares, E.V. Vashenyuk, Y. Balabin, W. Rühm, Measurement of cosmic ray neutrons with Bonner sphere spectrometer and neutron monitor at 79°N. Nuclear Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A: Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 626, 51–57 (2011)
V. Rafnsson, Cosmic radiation increases the risk of nuclear cataract in airline pilots. Arch. Ophthalmol. 123, 1102–1105 (2005)
D.A.H. Rasolonjatovo, H. Suzuki, N. Hirabayashi, T. Nunomiya, T. Nakamura, N. Nakao, Measurement for the dose-rates of the cosmic-ray components on the ground. J. Radiat. Res. 43, S27–S33 (2003)
P. Reynolds, J. Cone, M. Layefsky et al., Cancer incidence in Californian flight attendants. Cancer Causes Control 13, 317–324 (2002)
S. Roesler, W. Heinrich, H. Schraube, Monte Carlo calculation of the radiation field at aircraft altitudes. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 98(4), e367–e388 (2002)
W. Rühm, E. Fantuzzi, R. Harrison, H. Schuhmacher, F. Vanhavere, J. Alves, J.F. Bottollier Depois, P. Fattibene, Z. Knežević, M.A. Lopez, S. Mayer, S. Miljanić, S. Neumaier, P. Olko, H. Stadtmann, R. Tanner, C. Woda, Eurados strategic research agenda: vision for dosimetry of ionising radiation. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 168(2), 223–234 (2016)
W. Rühm, G. Rugel, T. Faestermann, K. Knie, A. Wallner, B. Heisinger, E. Nolte, A.A. Marchetti, R.E. Martinelli, K.L. Carroll, G. Korschinek, Cosmic-ray-induced 63Ni—a potential confounder of fast-neutron-induced 63Ni in copper samples from Hiroshima. Eur. Phys. J. A 17, 633–639 (2003)
W. Rühm, V. Mares, C. Pioch, G. Simmer, E. Weitzenegger, Continuous measurement of secondary neutrons from cosmic radiation at mountain altitudes and close to the north pole-a discussion in terms of H*(10). Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (2009a)
W. Rühm, V. Mares, C. Pioch, G. Simmer, E. Weitzenegger, Continuous measurement of secondary neutrons from cosmic radiation at mountain altitudes and close to the north pole-a discussion in terms of H*(10). Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 136(4), 256–261 (2009)
W. Rühm, V. Mares, C. Pioch, E. Weitzenegger, R. Vockenroth, H.G. Paretzke, Measurements of secondary neutrons from cosmic radiation with a Bonner sphere spectrometer at 79°N. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 48(2), 125–133 (2009)
H. Schraube, G. Leuthold, W. Heinrich, S. Roesler, V. Mares, G. Schraube, EPCARD e European Program Package for the Calculation of Aviation Route Doses, User’s Manual. GSF-National Research Center, Neuherberg, Germany (2002), http://www.helmholtz-muenchen.de/epcardISSN0721e1694. GSF-Report 08/02. Accessed 10 Dec 2018
M.K. Schubauer-Berigan, J.L. Anderson, M.J. Hein et al., Breast cancer incidence in a cohort of U.S. flight attendants. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58, 252–266 (2015)
G. Shouop et al., Monte Carlo method for gamma spectrometry based on GEANT4 toolkit: efficiency calibration of BE6530 detector. J. Environ. Radioact. 189, 109–119 (2018). 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.03.015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.03.015
F. Spurny, I. Votockova, J.F. Bottollier-Depois, Geographical influence on the radiation exposure of an aircrew on board a subsonic aircraft. Radioprotection 31(2), 273–280 (1996)
L.W. Townsend, J.E. Nealy, J.W. Wilson, L.C. Simonsen, Estimates of galactic cosmic ray shielding requirements during solar minimum, Space Radiat. Nasa Patern NASA Lang. (February 1990), 1–12 (1995)
UNSCEAR, Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Report to the General Assembly, Volume 1, Annex A: Epidemiological Studies of Radiation and Cancer (United Nations, New York, 2006)
UNSCEAR, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes, Volume I, Annex B: Exposures from Natural Radiation Source (United Nations, New York, 2008)
I. Usoskin, G. Kovaltsov, Cosmic ray induced ionization in the atmosphere: full modeling and practical applications. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D21206 (2006)
J.W. Van Dijk, Dose assessment of aircraft crew in the Netherlands. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 106, 25–31 (2003)
F. Verhaegen, A. Poffijn, Air crew exposure on long-haul flights of the Belgian airlines. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 88, 143–148 (2000)
B. Vuković, V. Radolić, I. Miklavčić, M. Poje, M. Varga, J. Planinić, Cosmic radiation dose in aircraft—a neutron track etch detector. J. Environ. Radioact. 98, 264–273 (2007). 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.05.002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.05.002
J.W. Wilson, S.A. Thibeault, F.A. Cucinotta, J.L. Shinn, M. Kim, R. Kiefer, F.F. Badavi, Issues in protection from galactic cosmic rays. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 34(4), 217–222 (1995)
K. Yajima, H. Yasuda, M. Takada, T. Sato, T. Goka, H. Matsumoto, T. Nakamura, Measurements of cosmic-ray neutron energy spectra from thermal to 15 Mev with Bonner ball neutron detector in aircraft. J. Nuclear Sci. Technol. 47, 31–39 (2010)
H. Yasuda, T. Sato, M. Terakado, A personal use program for calculation of aviation route doses, in Proceedings of 12th International Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association (2008), http://www.irpa12.org.ar/fullpapers/FP3037.pdf, http://www.nirs.go.jp/research/jiscard/ex/index_ex_e.html. Accessed 10 Dec 2018
H. Yasuda, T. Sato, H. Yonehara et al., Management of cosmic radiation exposure for aircrew in Japan. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 146, 123–125 (2011)
H. Zeeb, G.P. Hammer, M. Blettner, Epidemiological investigations of aircrew: an occupational group with low-level cosmic radiation exposure. J. Radiol. Prot. 32, 15–19 (2012)
