[en] Eight glass tiles from Saint-Sauveur in Burgundy, which are considered to be of early medieval date, were investigated. These tiles, which are in a good state of preservation, are 10 centimeters square and nearly two centimeters thick. They are made of dark glass with red and white glass inlays. These glass tiles have often been compared with those from the early medieval monastery of Corvey in Germany. However, because they lack an archaeological context, their date is uncertain.
PIXE-PIGE and LA-ICP-MS analyses revealed a wood-ash glass composition, close to that of High Lime Low Alkali (HLLA) glass dating from the 14th century and later. The authors’ trace analyses confirm the more recent dating because the elements associated with cobalt reveal sources used only from the 16th century.
Research Center/Unit :
AAP - Art, Archéologie et Patrimoine - ULiège CEA - Centre Européen en Archéométrie - ULiège
Christian Sapin, "Glasfliesen aus Saint-Sauveur, " in 799; Kunst und Kultur der Karolingerzeit. Karl der Grosse und Papst Leo III in Paderborn, Mainz: Zabern, 1999, pp. 564-565.
Uwe Lobbedey, Francesca Dell'Acqua, and Karl Hans Wedepohl, "Colored Glass Wall Tiles from Corvey (Germany): Carolingian or Romanesque?, " Journal of Glass Studies, v. 43, 2001, pp. 89-105.
Claude Courtepee, Description historique et topographique du duche de Bourgogne, v. 2, Dijon, 1775, p. 445.
Yael Gorin-Rosen, "Byzantine Gold Glass from Excavations in the Holy Land, " Journal of Glass Studies, v. 57, 2015, pp. 97-119, .
Anastassios Antonaras, "Gold-Glass Tile Decoration in the St. Demetrios Basilica, Thessaloniki, " Annates de I'Association Internationale pour I'Histoire du Verre, v. 18, Thessaloniki, 2009 (2012), pp. 301-306.
Alessandro Di Muro, La cultura artistica delta Langobardia minor neU'VIII secolo e la decorazione pavimentale e parietale della cappella palatina di Arechi II a Salerno, Naples: Consorzio Beni Culturali Campania, 1996, pp. 30-31.
Carlo Bertelli, "S. Ambrogio da Angilberto II a Gotofredo, " in La citta del vescovo dai Carolingi al Barbarossa, ed. Carlo Bertelli, II miilennio ambrosiano, v. 2, Milan: Electa, 1988, pp. 18.
Daniele Foy, "Les Revetements muraux en verre a la fin de l'Antiquite: Quelques temoignages en Gaule meridionale, " Journal of Glass Studies, v. 50, 2008, pp. 51-65.
Francesca Dell'Acqua, "Glasfliesen, " in Die Klosterkirche Corvey: Geschichte und Archaologie, ed. Sveva Gai, Karl Heinrich Kriiger, and Bernd Their, Denkmalpflege und Forschung in Westfalen, v. 43, no. 11, Darmstadt: Philipp von Zabern, 2012, p. 416.
Line Van Wersch and others, "Analyses of Early Medieval Stained Window Glass from the Monastery of Baume-les-Messieurs (Jura, France), " Archaeometry, v. 58, pt. 6, December 2016, pp. 930-946.
Jerome Sterpenich and Guy Libourel, "Water Diffusion in Silicate Glasses under Natural Weathering Conditions: Evidence from Buried Medieval Stained Glasses, " Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, v. 352, nos. 50/51, 2006, pp. 5446-5451.
Nadine Schibille and others, "Comprehensive Chemical Characterisation of Byzantine Glass Weights, " PLoS ONE, 2106, v. 11, no. 12, December 13, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168289.
Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet and others, "Obsidian Provenance Studies in Archaeology: A Comparison between PIXE, ICP-AES and ICP-MS, " Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section B, Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, v. 240, no. 1, 2005, pp. 583-588.
iga Smit, "Ion-Beam Analysis Methods, " in Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass, v. 1, ed. Koen Janssens, Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2013, pp. 155-184.
Thomas Caliigaro, "PIXE in the Study of Archaeological and Historical Glass, " X-Ray Spectrometry, v. 37, no. 2, March/April 2008, pp. 169-177.
Georges Weber and others, "What Can Bring the PIXEPIGE Method to the Study of Stained Glass Window?, " in COST Action G8: Non-Destructive Testing and Analysis of Museum Objects, ed. Andrea Denker and others, Stuttgart: Fraunhofer IRB, 2006, pp. 152-160.
C. M. Jackson, C. A. Booth, and J. W. Smedley, "Glass by Design? Raw Materials, Recipes and Compositional Data, " Archaeometry, v. 47, pt. 4, November 2005, pp. 781-795, .
Ian C. Freestone, Michael J. Hughes, and Colleen P. Stapleton, "The Composition and Production of Anglo-Saxon Glass, " in Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Glass in the British Museum, ed. Sonja Marzinzik, British Museum Research Publication, no. 167, London: The museum, and Oakville, Connecticut: David Brown Book Co., 2008, pp. 29-46.
Julian Henderson, Ancient Glass: An Interdisciplinary Exploration, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 97-102.
Karl Hans Wedepohl, Klaus Simon, and Andreas Kronz, "Data on 61 Chemical Elements for the Characterization of Three Major Glass Compositions in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, " Archaeometry, v. 53, pt. 1, February 2011, pp. 81-102.
Andrew Meek, Julian Henderson, and Jane Evans, "Isotope Analysis of English Forest Glass from the Weald and Staffordshire, " Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 27, no. 5, 2012, pp. 786-795.
Joost Caen, Olivier Schalm, and Koen Janssens, "15th Century Stained Glass Windows in the Former County of Flanders: A Historical and Chemical Study Related to Recent Conservation Campaigns, " Annates de I'Association Internationale pour I'Histoire du Verre, v. 17, Antwerp, 2006 (2009), pp. 459-466.
Olivier Schalm, Hilde Wouters, and Koen Janssens, "Composition of Thirteenth to Seventeenth-Century Glass from Non-Figurative Windows in Secular Buildings Excavated in Belgium, " Annates de I'Association Internationale pour I'Histoire du Verre, v. 16, London, 2003 (Nottingham, U.K., 2005), pp. 352-355.
J. Kunicki-Goldfinger and others, "The Composition of Window Glass from the Cesspits in the Old Town in Elblg, Poland, " Annates, v. 18 [note 10], pp. 395-400.
Nadine Schibille and Ian C. Freestone, "Composition, Production and Procurement of Glass at San Vincenzo al Volturno: An Early Medieval Monastic Complex in Southern Italy, " PLoS ONE, v. 8, no. 10, October 16, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076479, p. 2.
M. Heck and P. Hoffmann, "Coloured Opaque Glass Beads of the Merovingians, " Archaeometry, v. 42, pt. 2, August 2000, pp. 341-357.
M. Tite, T. Pradell, and A. Shortland, "Discovery, Production and Use of Tin-Based Opacifiers in Glasses, Enamels and Glazes from the Late Iron Age Onwards: A Reassessment, " Archaeometry, v. 50, pt. 1, February 2008, pp. 67-84.
Cesare Moretti and Sandro Hreglich, "Raw Materials, Recipes and Procedures Used for Glass Making, " in Modern Methods [note 27], pp. 23-47.
A. N. Shugar, "Byzantine Opaque Red Glass Tesserae from Beit Shean, Israel, " Archaeometry, v. 42, pt. 2, August 2000, pp. 375-384, .
Ian C. Freeestone, Colleen P. Stapleton, and Valery Rigby, "The Production of Red Glass and Enamel in the Late Iron Age, Roman and Byzantine Periods, " in Through a Glass Brightly: Studies in Byzantine and Medieval Art and Archaeology.
David Buckton, ed. Chris Entwistle, Oxford, U.K.: Oxbow Books, and Oakville, Connecticut: David Brown Book Co., 2003, pp. 142-154.
L. Van Wersch and others, "Les Vitraux alto-medievaux de Stavelot (Belgique), " ArcheoSciences, v. 38, no. 1, 2014, pp. 219-234.
Alberta Silvestri and others, "The Palaeo-Christian Glass Mosaic of St. Prosdocimus (Padova, Italy): Archaeometric Characterisation of Tesserae with Copper-or Tin-Based Opacifiers, " Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 42, February 2014, pp. 51-67.
Nadine Schibille and others, "Chemical Characterisation of Glass Mosaic Tesserae from Sixth-Century Sagalassos (Southwest Turkey): Chronology and Production Techniques, " Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 39, no. 5, May 2012, pp. 1480-1492.
Ian C. Freestone, "Primary Glass Sources in the Mid First Millennium AD, " in Annates de VAssociation Internationale pour I'Histoire du Verre, v. 15, New York and Corning, 2001 (Nottingham, U.K., 2003), pp. 111-115.
Bernard Gratuze, "Provenance Analysis of Glass Artefacts, " in Modern Methods [note 42], pp. 311-343.
B. Gratuze and others, "De l'origine du cobalt: Du verre a la ceramique, " Revue d'Archeometrie, v. 20, 1996, pp. 77-94.
A. Zucchiatti and others, "The 'Delia Robbia Blue': A Case Study for the Use of Cobalt Pigments in Ceramics during the Italian Renaissance, " Archaeometry, v. 48, pt. 1, February 2006, pp. 131-152.