Kohen, R., Nyska, A., Invited review: oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicol. Pathol. 30:6 (2002), 620–650.
Diplock, A.T., Charuleux, J.L., Crozier-Willi, G., Kok, F.J., Rice-Evans, C., Roberfroid, M., Stahl, W., Vina-Ribes, J., Functional food science and defence against reactive oxidative species. Br. J. Nutr. 80:S1 (1998), S77–S112.
Haenen, G.R., Veerman, M., Bast, A., Reduction of β-adrenoceptor function by oxidative stress in the heart. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 9:4 (1990), 279–288.
Alfadda, A.A., Sallam, R.M., Reactive oxygen species in health and disease. Biomed. Res. Int., 2012, 2012.
Sundar, I.K., Yao, H., Rahman, I., Oxidative stress and chromatin remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and smoking-related diseases. Antioxid. Redox Sign. 18:15 (2013), 1956–1971.
Lyakhovich, V.V., Vavilin, V.A., Zenkov, N.K., Menshchikova, E.B., Active defense under oxidative stress. The antioxidant responsive element. Biochemistry 71:9 (2006), 962–974.
Bast, A., Kaiserová H., Den Hartog, G.J., Haenen, G.R., van der Vijgh, W.J., Protectors against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: flavonoids. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 23:1 (2007), 39–47.
Boots, A., Wilms, L.C., Swennen, E.L., Kleinjans, J.C., Bast, A., Haenen, G.R., In vitro and ex vivo anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin in healthy volunteers. Nutrition 24:7 (2008), 703–710.
Xie, Y., Yang, W., Tang, F., Chen, X., Ren, L., Antibacterial activities of flavonoids: structure-activity relationship and mechanism. Curr. Med. Chem. 22:1 (2015), 132–149.
Bast, A., Haenen, G.R., The toxicity of antioxidants and their metabolites. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 11:3–4 (2002), 251–258.
Biewenga, G.P., Haenen, G.R., Bast, A., The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen. Pharmacol. Vasc. Syst. 29:3 (1997), 315–331.
Halliwell, B., Antioxidants in human health and disease. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 16:1 (1996), 33–50.
Jacobs, H., Moalin, M., van Gisbergen, M.W., Bast, A., van der Vijgh, W.J., Haenen, G.R., An essential difference in the reactivity of the glutathione adducts of the structurally closely related flavonoids monoHER and quercetin. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51:11 (2011), 2118–2123.
Boots, A., Kubben, N., Haenen, G.R., Bast, A., Oxidized quercetin reacts with thiols rather than with ascorbate: implication for quercetin supplementation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 308:3 (2003), 560–565.
Bast, A., Haenen, G.R., Doelman, C.J., Oxidants and antioxidants: state of the art. Am. J. Med. 91:3 (1991), S2–S13.
Lemmens, K.J., van de Wier, B., Vaes, N., Ghosh, M., van Zandvoort, M.A., van der Vijgh, W.J., Bast, A., Haenen, G.R., The flavonoid 7-mono-O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside is able to protect endothelial cells by a direct antioxidant effect. Toxicol. Vitr. 28:4 (2014), 538–543.
Moalin, M., van Strijdonck, G.P., Bast, A., Haenen, G.R., Competition between ascorbate and glutathione for the oxidized form of methylated quercetin metabolites and analogues: tamarixetin, 4′ O-methylquercetin, has the lowest thiol reactivity. J. Agr. Food Chem. 60:36 (2012), 9292–9297.
Kiatgrajai, P., Wellons, J.D., Gollob, L., White, J.D., Kinetics of epimerization of (+)-catechin and its rearrangement to catechinic acid. J. Org. Chem. 47:15 (2012), 2910–2912.
Ishino, N., Yanase, E., Nakatsuka, S.I., Epimerization of tea catechins under weakly acidic and alkaline conditions. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 74:4 (2010), 875–877.
Sthijns, M.M., Schiffers, P.M., Janssen, G.M., Lemmens, K.J., Ides, B., Vangrieken, P., Bouwman, F.G., Mariman, E.C., Pader, I., Aener, E.S., Johansson, K., Bast, A., Haenen, G.R., Rutin protects against H 2 O 2 -triggered impaired relaxation of placental arterioles and induces Nrf2-mediated adaptation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to oxidative stress. BBA-Gen. Subj. 1861:5 (2017), 1177–1189.
Zou, H., Ma, Y., Xu, Z., Liao, X., Chen, A., Yang, S., Isolation of strawberry anthocyanins using high-speed counter-current chromatography and the copigmentation with catechin or epicatechin by high pressure processing. Food Chem. 247 (2018), 81–88.
Cai, R.J., Yin, X.L., Liu, J., Zhao, G.Z., Characterization and identification of in vitro metabolites of (-)-epicatechin using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 16:12 (2017), 2985–2990.
Chang, C.L., Wu, R.T., Quantification of (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin in coconut water by LC–MS. Food Chem. 126:2 (2011), 710–717.
Galaverna, R.S., Sampaio, P.T., Barata, L.E., Eberlin, M.N., Fidelis, C.H.V., Differentiation of two morphologically similar Amazonian Aniba species by mass spectrometry leaf fingerprinting. Anal. Methods 7:5 (2015), 1984–1990.
Moalin, M., van Strijdonck, G.P., Beckers, M., Hagemen, G.J., Borm, P.J., Bast, A., Haenen, G.R., A planar conformation and the hydroxyl groups in the B and C rings play a pivotal role in the antioxidant capacity of quercetin and quercetin derivatives. Molecules 16:11 (2011), 9636–9650.
Heim, K.E., Tagliaferro, A.R., Bobilya, D.J., Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J. Nutr. Biochem. 13:10 (2002), 572–584.
Shay, J., Elbaz, H.A., Lee, I., Zielske, S.P., Malek, M.H., Hüttemann, M., Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of (−)-epicatechin and other polyphenols in cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2015, 2015.
Ruijters, E.J., Weseler, A.R., Kicken, C., Haenen, G.R., Bast, A., The flavanol (-)-epicatechin and its metabolites protect against oxidative stress in primary endothelial cells via a direct antioxidant effect. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 715:1–3 (2013), 147–153.
Boots, A.W., Haenen, G.R., den Hartog, G.J., Bast, A., Oxidative damage shifts from lipid peroxidation to thiol arylation by catechol-containing antioxidants. BBA-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1583:3 (2002), 279–284.
Whalley, W.B., Mehta, P.P., The stereochemistry of some catechin derivatives. J. Chem. Soc., 1963, 5327.
Moalin, M., Quercetin and its methylated metabolites: the chemical basis of activity (Ph.D. thesis). 2014, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Pearson, R.G., Hard and soft acids and bases. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:22 (1963), 3533–3539.