ontology; sequential reality; reasoning process; documentation; virtual archaeology; cultural heritage
Abstract :
[en] Modelling cultural heritage is a research topic shared by a broad scientific community. Although this subject has been widely studied, it seems that some aspects still have to be tackled. This paper describes two CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) extension proposals (A & B) dedicated to structuring knowledge concerning historical objects and historical events. It focuses on multiple interpretations and sequential reality, this last being a concept which does not exist in CIDOC CRM but was originally developed in another conceptual model, the Multiple Interpretation Data Model (MIDM). To begin, an extensive description of MIDM concepts is given as well as a recall of its main peculiarities. It is followed by a mapping proposed to translate MIDM concepts into ontologies devoted to describe cultural heritage entities and activities, the CIDOC-CRM and compatible models. Unfortunately, some MIDM concepts are not covered by this mapping because they do not match with existing CRM entities and properties, and this paper explains why an extension is necessary. It describes how the two versions of the extension proposal cover the missing MIDM concepts. One of these two versions, the proposal A, has been implemented as an ontology in Protégé and has been tested through an instantiation phase using a real example. This instantiation phase is fully detailed. It shows that proposal A works coherently with CRM ontologies. On another hand, instantiation phase highlights improvements needs such as recording chronology in a structured way.
Australia ICOMOS, & International Council on Monuments and Sites. (2013). The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS charter for places of cultural significance 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://australia.icomos.org/wpcontent/uploads/The-Burra-Charter-2013-Adopted-31.10.2013.pdf
Bekiari, C., Doerr, M., Le Boeuf, P., & Riva, P. (2017). FRBR object-oriented definition and mapping from FRBRer, FRAD and FRSAD, (version 3). Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://www.CIDOC CRM.org/frbroo/fm_releases
Belussi, A., & Migliorini, S. (2016a). Mapping NIOBE towards CIDOC CRM. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://www.archeositarproject.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Mapping-NIOBE-towards-CIDOC CRMfinal_12.10.2016.pdf
Belussi, A., & Migliorini, S. (2016b). Mapping SITAR towards CIDOC CRM. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://www.archeositarproject.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Mapping-SITAR-towards-CIDOC CRMfinal_12.10.2016.pdf
Bertholet, P. (1968). L'église carolingienne de Theux, guide illustré du visiteur. Theux
Bertholet, P. (1971). L'évolution ecclésiastique depuis le Concile de Trente. L'architecture, Les églises de Jalhay, Sart, Spa, Theux. Trésors d'art religieux au marquisat de Franchimont, catalogue d'exposition (pp. 19-27, 35-38, 64-65, 82, 97-99)
Bertholet, P., & Hoffsummer, P. (1986). L'église-halle des Saints Hermès et Alexandre à Theux. Histoire et archéologie d'un édifice singulier. Bulletin de La Société Verviétoise d'Archéologie et d'Histoire, LXV, 5-308
Billen, R., Carré, C., Delfosse, V., Hervy, B., Laroche, F., Lefevre, D., Sevières, M. & Van Ruymbeke, M. (2012). 3D historical models: the case studies of Liege and Nantes. In R. Billen, M. Caglioni, O. Marina, G. Rabino, & R. San José (Eds.), 3D issues in urban and environmental systems, 19-26, Bologne, Società Editrice Esculapio Srl. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/126687
Bruseker, G., Guillem, A., & Carboni, N. (2015). Semantically Documenting Virtual Reconstruction: Building a Path to Knowledge Provenance. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, II-5/W3, 33-40. doi:10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-W3-33-2015
Ciccarese, P., & Peroni, S. (2014). The Collections Ontology: creating and handling collections in OWL 2 DL frameworks. Semantic Web, 5(6), 515-529. doi:10.3233/SW-130121
DCMI: DCMI Metadata Terms. (2012). Retrieved 30 October 2017, from http://dublincore.org/documents/2012/06/14/dcmi-terms/
Desjardin, E., Nogent, O., & De Runz, C. (2012). Prise en compte de l'imperfection des connaissances depuis le saisie des données jusqu'à la restitution 3D. Archeologia e Calcatori, Supplemento 3-Actes des 2èmes Journées d'Informatique et Archéologie de Paris-JIAP 2010, Paris, 11-12 juin 2010, (pp. 385-395)
Doerr, M., Felicetti, A., Hermon, S., Hiebel, G., Kritsotaki, A., Masur, A., May, K., Ronzino, P., Schmidle, W., Theodoridou, M., & Tsiafaki, D. (2017a). Definition of the CRMarchaeo. An extension of CIDOC CRM to support the archaeological process, (version 1.4.3). Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://www.CIDOC CRM.org/crmarchaeo/fm_releases
Doerr, M., Kritsotaki, A., Rousakis, Y., Hiebel, G., & Theodoridou, M. (2017 b). CRMsci: Scientific observation model. Definition of the CRMsci. An extension of CIDOC CRM to support scientific observation. Proposal for approval by CIDOC CRM-SIG, (version 1.2.4). Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://www.CIDOC CRM.org/crmsci/fm_releases
Doulamis, N., Doulamis, A., Ioannidis, C., Klein, M., & Ioannides, M. (2017). Modelling of Static and Moving Objects: Digitizing Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage. In M. Ioannides, N. Magnenat-Thalmann, & G. Papagiannakis (Eds.), Mixed Reality and Gamification for Cultural Heritage, 567-589. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49607-8_23
Galinié, H., Rodier, X., & Saligny, L. (2004). Entités fonctionnelles, entités spatiales et dynamique urbaine dans la longue durée. Histoire & mesure, XIX (3/4), 223-242
Genicot, L.-F. (1972). Les églises mosanes du XIe siècle, livre 1. Architecture et Société
Guillem, A., Bruseker, G., & Ronzino, P. (2017). Process, concept or thing? Some initial considerations in the ontological modelling of architecture. International Journal on Digital Libraries 18(4), 289-299. doi:10.1007/s00799-016-0188-0
Hallot, P., & Billen, R. (2016). Enhancing Spatio-Temporal Identity: States of Existence and Presence. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 5(5), 62. doi:10.3390/ijgi5050062
Henaux, F. (1846). Chasse aux souvenirs dans le pays de Liège. Liège
Hiebel, G., Doerr, M., & Eide, Ø. (2017). CRMgeo: A spatiotemporal extension of CIDOC CRM. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 18(4), 271-279. doi:10.1007/s00799-016-0192-4
Hiebel, G., Doerr, M., Eide, Ø., & Theodoridou, M. (2015). CRMgeo: a Spatiotemporal Model. An Extension of CIDOC CRM to link the CIDOC CRM to GeoSPARQL through a Spatiotempor al Refinement. Proposal for approval by CIDOC CRM-SIG, (version 1.2). Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://www.CIDOC CRM.org/CRMgeo/fm_releases
Le Boeuf, P., Doerr, M., Ore, C.-E., & Stead, S. (2017). Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. Produced by the ICOM/CIDOC Documentation Standards Group, Continued by the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group. (version 6.2.2). Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://www.CIDOC CRM.org/versions-of-the-CIDOC CRM
Le Goff, E., Marlet, O., Rodier, X., Curet, S., & Husi, P. (2015). Interoperability of the ArSol (Archives du Sol) Database based on the CIDOC CRM Ontology. In F. Giligny, F. Djindjian, L. Costa, P. Moscati, & S. Robert (Eds.) Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology CAA 2014-21st Century Archaeology (pp. 179-186), Paris
Lemaire, R. (1952). De Romaanse Bouwkunst in de Nederlanden. Verhandelingen van de koninklijke vlaamse academie voor wetenschappen, letteren en schone kunsten van Belgë, 6, Klasse der schone kunsten, Brussel, Paleis der Academiën
Limbourg, P. de. (1874). Monographie de l'église St-Alexandre et St-Hermès à Theux. Bulletin de l'Institut Archéologique Liégeois, XII, 71-163
Marlet, O., Curet, S., Rodier, X., & Bouchou-Markhoff, B. (2016). Using CIDOC CRM for Dynamically Querying ArSol, a Relational Database, from the Semantic Web. In S. Campana, R. Scopigno, G. Carpentiero, & M. Cirillo (Eds.), Proceedings of the 43rd annual conference on computer applications and quantitative methods in archaeology. CAA2015-Keep the Revolution going, (pp. 241-249), Sienne
Münster, S. (2017). A survey on topics, researchers and cultures in the field of digital heritage, ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, IV-2/W2, 157-162. doi:10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W2-157-2017
Musen, M. A. (2015). The protégé project: a look back and a look forward. AI Matters, 1(4), 4-12. doi:10.1145/2757001.2757003
Niccolucci, F., & Hermon, S. (2017). Expressing reliability with CIDOC CRM. International Journal on Digital Libraries 18(4), 281-287. doi:10.1007/s00799-016-0195-1
Peuquet, D. J. (1994), It's About Time: A Conceptual Framework for the Representation of Temporal Dynamics in Geographic Information Systems. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84, 441-461. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1994.tb01869.x
Pfeiffer, M., Carré, C., Delfosse, V., Hallot, P., & Billen, R. (2013). Virtual leodium: from an historical 3D city scale model to an archaeological information system, ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, II-5/W1, 241-246. doi:10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-W1-241-2013
RDF Schema 1.1 (2014). Retrieved 1 February 2018, from https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf-schema-20140225/
Rodier X. & Saligny L. (2007). Modélisation des objets urbains pour l'étude des dynamiques urbaines dans la longue durée. In M. Batton-Hubert, T. Joliveau, S. Lardon (Eds.) SAGEO 2007, Rencontres internationales Géomatique et territoire, Juin 2007, (pp. 1-24), Clermont-Ferrand
Rodier X., & Saligny L. (2011). Modéliser les objets historiques pour l'étude des dynamiques urbaines dans la longue durée. Le modèle OH_FET (objet historique, fonction, espace, temps). In X. Rodier, O. Barge, L. Saligny, L. Nuninger, F. Bertoncello (Eds.), Information spatiale et archéologie, (pp. 66-72), Errance
Ronzino, P. (Ed.). (2015). Extending, Mapping and Focusing the CRM 2015. In Proceedings Workshop EMF-CRM2015 (Vol. 1656). Poznan. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://vast-lab.org/EMF-CRM2015/Proceedings_EMFCRM2015.pdf
Ronzino, P. (2017). Harmonizing the CRMba and CRMarchaeo models. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 18(4) 253-261. doi:10.1007/s00799-016-0193-3
Ronzino, P., Niccolucci, F., Felicetti, A., & Doerr, M. (2016a). CRMba a CRM extension for the documentation of standing buildings. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 17(1), 71-78. doi:10.1007/s00799-015-0160-4
Ronzino, P., Niccolucci, F., Felicetti, A., & Doerr, M. (2016b). Definition of the CRMba. An extension of CIDOC CRM to support buildings archaeology documentation. Proposal for approval by CIDOC CRM-SIG, (version 1.4). Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://www.CIDOC CRM.org/crmba/fm_releases
SPARQL 1.1 Overview. (2013). Retrieved 31 October 2017, from https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-overview/
Stead, S., Doerr, M., & Alii. (2015). CRMinf: the Argumentation Model An Extension of CIDOC CRM to support argumentation, (version 0. 7). Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://www.CIDOC CRM.org/crminf/fm_releases
S tead, S., Oldman, D., & Cloud, J. W. (2015). Exploring Time ans Space in the Annotation of Museum Catalogues: The Sloane Virtual Exhibition Experience. In F. Giligny, F. Djindjian, L. Costa, P. Moscati, & S. Robert (Eds.) Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology CAA 2014-21st Century Archaeology (pp. 221-225), Paris
Van Ruymbeke, M., Carré, C., & Billen, R. (2012). L'existant et l'ayant existé. Documenter le patrimoine dans la diachronie. Thema & Collecta, 2, 42-51
Van Ruymbeke, M., Carré, C., Delfosse, V., Pfeiffer, M., & Billen, R. (2015). Towards an Archaeological Information System: Improving the Core Data Model. In F. Giligny, F. Djindjian, L. Costa, P. Moscati, & S. Robert (Eds.) Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology CAA 2014-21st Century Archaeology (pp. 247-253), Paris
Van Ruymbeke, M., Hallot, P., & Billen, R. (2017). Enhancing CIDOC CRM and compatible models with the concept of multiple interpretation. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, IV-2/W2, 287-294. doi:10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W2-287-2017
Van Ruymbeke, M., Tigny, V., De Bats, E., Garcia Moreno, R., & Billen, R. (2008). Development and use of a 4D GIS to support the conservation of the Calakmul site (Mexico, World Heritage Programme). In M. Ioannides (Ed.), VSMM 2008. Digital Heritage. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia, Archaeolingua, (pp. 117-121). Retrieved 17 December 2017, from http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/16832
Van Wersch, L., Mathis, F., & Hoffsummer, P. (2009). étude des verres du Haut Moyen âge découverts dans l'église des saints Hermès et Alexandre à Theux. In Vitrail, Verre et Archéologie entre le Ve et le XIIe siècle, Actes de la table ronde réunie au Centre d'Etudes Médiévales d'Auxerre, 15-16 juin 2006, (pp. 161-171). Paris
Wefers, S., Karmacharya, A., & Boochs, F. (2016). Development of a platform recommending 3D and spectral digitisation strategies. Virtual Archaeology Review, 7(15), 18-27. doi:10.4995/var.2016.5861
Winants, L. (1968). L'église carolingienne de Theux. Les Cahiers Ardennais, mai-juin 1968,1-15