Which tool for a tennis serve evaluation? A review

[en] For coaches, the most common and easiest way to analyse the tennis serve is to refer to their own vision. However, human vision is insufficient to observe high-speed motion with great precision. With the improvement of technology, it is now possible to study the gesture from a quantitative point of view. The quantitative evaluation of the tennis serve focuses on the kinematics and kinetics of the player but also on the stroke result, which includes the ball speed and the ball trajectory. This review aims to highlight the current tools available for players, coaches, medical staffs and biomechanical researchers, to evaluate the tennis serve. This overview will provide information to the player’s entourage in order to choose the right tools depending on their specific purposes. All of these tools can be applied in performance improvement and injury prevention.

Research Center/Unit :

Laboratoire d'Analyse du Mouvement Humain

Disciplines :

Human health sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others

Author, co-author :

Tubez, François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la motricité > Département des sciences de la motricité

Schwartz, Cédric ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la motricité > Kinésithérapie générale et réadaptation

Paulus, Julien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la motricité > Kinésithérapie générale et réadaptation

Croisier, Jean-Louis ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la motricité > Kinésithérapie générale et réadaptation

Bruls, Olivier ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'aérospatiale et mécanique > Laboratoire des Systèmes Multicorps et Mécatroniques

Denoël, Vincent ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > Analyse sous actions aléatoires en génie civil

Forthomme, Bénédicte ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la motricité > Rééducation du membre supérieur

Language :

English

Title :

Which tool for a tennis serve evaluation? A review

Publication date :

16 January 2018

Journal title :

International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport

ISSN :

2474-8668

eISSN :

1474-8185

Publisher :

Routledge

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1419407

Available on ORBi :

since 16 January 2018

Statistics

Number of views

212 (30 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

20 (15 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Abdel-aziz, Y., & Karara, H., (1971). Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates into object space coordinates in close-range photogrammetry. American Society of Photogrammetry Symposium in Close-range Photogrammetry (pp. 1–18). Falls Church, VA, USA.
Abrams, G., Harris, A., Andriacchi, T., & Safran, M., (2014). Biomechanical analysis of three tennis serve types using a markerless system. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(4), 339–342.10.1136/bjsports-2012-091371
Abrams, G., Sheets, A., Andriacchi, T., & Safran, M., (2011). Review of tennis serve motion analysis and the biomechanics of three serve types with implications for injury. Sports Biomechanics, 10(4), 378–390.10.1080/14763141.2011.629302
Ahmadi, A., Rowlands, D., & James, D., (2009). Towards a wearable device for skill assessment and skill acquisition of a tennis player during the first serve. Sports Technology, 2(3–4), 129–136.
Ahmadi, A., Rowlands, D., & James, D., (2010). Development of inertial and novel marker-based techniques and analysis for upper arm rotational velocity measurements in tennis. Sports Engineering, 12(4), 179–188.10.1007/s12283-010-0044-1
Alderson, J., & Elliott, B., (2006). Visual assessment tools in tennis. XXIV ISBS Symposium, Salzburg, Austria.
Alexander, E., & Andriacchi, T., (2001). Correcting for deformation in skin-based marker systems. Journal of Biomechanics, 34(3), 355–361.10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00192-5
Allen, T., Choppin, S., & Knudson, D., (2015). A review of tennis racket performance parameters. Sports Engineering, 19(1), 1–11.
Antunez, R., Hernandez, F., Garcia, J., Vaillo, R., & Arroyo, J., (2012). Relationship between motor variability, accuracy, and ball speed in the tennis serve. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33, 45–53.
ATP. (2012). Aussie Groth hits speedy serves. Retrieved from http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/05/Features/Groth-Fast-Serve.aspx
Bahamonde, R., (1994). Biomechanical analysis of the serving arm during the performance of flat and slice tennis serves (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Indianapolis: Indiana University.
Bahamonde, R., (2000). Changes in angular momentum during the tennis serve. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(8), 579–592.10.1080/02640410050082297
Barre, A., & Armand, S., (2014). Biomechanical ToolKit: Open-source framework to visualize and process biomechanical data. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 114(1), 80–87.10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.01.012
Bergün, M., Menşure, A., Tuncay, Ç., Aydın, Ö., & Çiğdem, B., (2009). 3D Kinematic analysis of overarm movements for different sports. Kinesiology, 41(1), 105–111.
Bideau, M., & Kulpa, N., (2011). Estimation des contraintes articulaires lors du service au tennis par modélisation musculosquelettique [Estimation of joint constraints during the tennis serve by musculoskeletal modeling]. Congrès de l’ACAPS, Rennes.
Bonnechère, B., Jansen, B., Salvia, P., Bouzahouene, H., Omelina, L., Moiseev, F., … Van Sint Jan, S., (2014). Validity and reliability of the Kinect within functional assessment activities: Comparison with standard stereophotogrammetry. Gait and Posture, 39, 593–598.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.09.018
Bonnefoy, A., Pradon, D., & Chèze, L., (2005). Les systèmes d'analyse du mouvement: Techniques et principes, protocoles, sources d'erreurs et solutions. ITBM-RBM News, 26(6), 24–32.10.1016/S1297-9570(05)80046-9
Bonnefoy-Mazure, A., Slawinski, J., Riquet, A., Lévèque, J., Miller, C., & Chèze, L., (2010). Rotation sequence is an important factor in shoulder kinematics. Application to the elite players’ flat serves. Journal of Biomechanics, 43(10), 2022–2025.10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.03.028
Brody, H., (1981). Physics of the tennis racket II: The ‘‘sweet spot’’. American Journal of Physics, 49(9), 816–819.10.1119/1.12399
Buthe, L., Blanke, U., Capkevics, H., & Troster, G., (2016). A wearable sensing system for timing analysis in tennis. Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN), 2016 IEEE 13th International Conference on (pp. 43–48). IEEE.
Campbell, A., O’sullivan, P., Straker, L., Elliott, b., & Reid, M., (2014). Back pain in tennis players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 46(2), 351–357.10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182a45cca
Cappozzo, A., Catani, F., Leardini, A., Benedetti, M., & Della Croce, U., (1996). Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: Experimental artefacts. Clinical Biomechanics, 11(2), 90–100.10.1016/0268-0033(95)00046-1
Castro, M., Iglesias, L., & Sánchez, J., (2012). Vehicle speed measurement: Cosine error correction. Measurement, 45(8), 2128–2134.10.1016/j.measurement.2012.05.022
Chèze, L., (2014). Biomécanique du mouvement et modélisation musculo- squelettique. Techniques de L’ingénieur Biomatériaux et Biomécanique.
Chiari, L., Croce, U., Leardini, A., & Cappozzo, A., (2005). Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Gait and Posture, 21(2), 197–211.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.04.004
Choppin, S., (2013). An investigation into the power point in tennis. Sports Engineering, 16(3), 173–180.10.1007/s12283-013-0122-2
Choppin, S., Goodwill, S., & Haake, S., (2011). Impact characteristics of the ball and racket during play at the Wimbledon qualifying tournament. Sports Engineering, 13(4), 163–170.10.1007/s12283-011-0062-7
Chow, J., Carlton, L., Chae, W., Lim, Y., & Shim, J., (1999). Pre- and post-impact ball and racquet characteristics during tennis serves performed by elite male and female players. 17 International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports. ISBS–Conference Proceedings Archive.
Chow, J., Carlton, L., Lim, Y., Chae, W., Shim, J., Kuenster, A., & Kokubun, K., (2003). Comparing the pre- and post-impact ball and racquet kinematics of elite tennis players’ first and second serves: A preliminary study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(7), 529–537.10.1080/0264041031000101908
Chow, J., Park, S., & Tillman, M., (2009). Lower trunk kinematics and muscle activity during different types of tennis serves. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology, 1(1), 24.
Cohen, D., Mont, M., Campbell, K., Vogelstein, B., & Loewy, J., (1994). Upper extremity physical factors affecting tennis serve velocity. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(6), 746–750.10.1177/036354659402200604
Corazza, S., Mündermann, L., & Andriacchi, T., (2007). A framework for the functional identification of joint centers using markerless motion capture, validation for the hip joint. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(15), 3510–3515.10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.05.029
Corazza, S., Mündermann, L., Chaudhari, A. M., Demattio, T., Cobelli, C., & Andriacchi, T. P., (2006). A markerless motion capture system to study musculoskeletal biomechanics: Visual hull and simulated annealing approach. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 34(6), 1019–1029.10.1007/s10439-006-9122-8
Crespo, M., & Miley, D., (1999). Advanced coaches manual. In Advanced coaches manual (p. 334). London: ITF.
Croisier, J.-L. L., Crielaard, J.-M. M., & Forthomme, B., (2006). Isocinétisme et tennis: du déséquilibre musculaire à la performance de terrain. In Association belge des Kinésithérapeutes du Sport (ABKS) (pp. 1–11). Mondorf-les-Bains–Grand Duché du Luxembourg.
Croisier, J. L., Ganteaume, S., Binet, J., Genty, M., & Ferret, J., (2008). Strength imbalances and prevention of hamstring injury in professional soccer players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(8), 1469–1475.10.1177/0363546508316764
Cross, R., (1999). The sweet spots of a tennis racquet. Sports Engineering, 1(2), 63–78.10.1046/j.1460-2687.1999.00011.x
Cross, R., (2001). Customising a tennis racket by adding weights. Sports Engineering, 4(1), 1.10.1046/j.1460-2687.2001.00069.x
Cross, R., (2014). The footprint of a tennis ball. Sports Engineering, 17(4), 239–247.
Ellenbecker, T., & Roetert, E., (2003). Isokinetic profile of elbow flexion and extension strength in elite junior tennis players. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 33(2), 79–84.10.2519/jospt.2003.33.2.79
Ellenbecker, T., & Roetert, E., (2004). Velocity of a tennis serve and measurement of isokinetic muscular performance: brief review and comment. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, 1368–1370.10.2466/pms.98.3c.1368-1370
Elliott, B., Fleisig, G., Nicholls, R., & Escamilia, R., (2003). Technique effects on upper limb loading in the tennis serve. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 6(1), 76–87.10.1016/S1440-2440(03)80011-7
Elliott, B., & Knudson, D. V., (2003). Analysis of advanced stroke production. In Biomechanics of advanced tennis (pp. 139–153). London: ITF.
Elliott, B., Marsh, T., & Blanksby, B., (1986). A three-dimensional cinematographic analysis of the tennis serve. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 2, 260–271.10.1123/ijsb.2.4.260
Elliott, B., & Reid, M., (2008). The use of technology in tennis biomechanics. ITF Coaching and Sport Science Review, 15(45), 2–4.
Elliott, B., Reid, M., Crespo, M., & Kwon, Y. H., (2013). Tennis. Sports Biomechanics, 12(1), 1.10.1080/14763141.2013.772379
Elliott, B., & Wood, G., (1983). The biomechanics of the foot-up and foot-back tennis service techniques. Australian Journal of Sport Sciences, 3(2), 3–6.
Elliott, N., Choppin, S., Goodwill, S., & Allen, T., (2014). Markerless tracking of tennis racket motion using a camera. Procedia Engineering, 72, 344–349.10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.060
Emmen, H., Wesseling, L., Bootsma, R., Whiting, H., & van Wieringen, P., (1985). The effect of video-modelling and video-feedback on the learning of the tennis service by novices. Journal of Sports Sciences, 3(2), 127–138.10.1080/02640418508729742
Fleisig, G., Nicholls, R., Elliott, B., & Escamilla, R., (2003). Kinematics used by world class tennis players to produce high-velocity serves. Sports Biomechanics, 2(1), 51–64.10.1080/14763140308522807
Forthomme, B., Croisier, J.-L., Ciccarone, G., Crielaard, J. M., & Cloes, M., (2005). Factors correlated with volleyball spike velocity. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(10), 1513–1519.10.1177/0363546505274935
Forthomme, B., Wieczorek, V., Frisch, A., Crielaard, J. M., & Croisier, J. L., (2013). Shoulder pain among high-level volleyball players and preseason features. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(10), 1852–1860.10.1249/MSS.0b013e318296128d
Girard, O., Eicher, F., Micallef, J.-P. P., & Millet, G., (2010). Plantar pressures in the tennis serve. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(8), 873–880.10.1080/02640411003792695
Girard, O., Micallef, J., & Millet, G., (2005). Lower-limb activity during the power serve in tennis: Effects of performance level. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(6), 1021–1029.
Girard, O., Micallef, J., & Millet, G., (2007). Influence of restricted knee motion during the flat first serve in tennis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 950–957.
Gleizes Cervera, S., Giacomo, L., Gault, C., Delvaux, F., Croisier, J. L., & Forthomme, B., (2012). Muscular imbalance: Shoulder injury risk factor in handball player? Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 55 (Supple 0), e257–e258.10.1016/j.rehab.2012.07.1055
Göktepe, A., Söğüt, M., Karabörk, H., Korkusuz, F., Goktepe, A., & Korkusuz, F., (2009). Joint angles during successful and unsuccessful tennis serves kinematics of tennis serve. Eklem Hastaliklari ve Cerrahisi = Joint Diseases & Related Surgery, 20(3), 156–160.
Gordon, B., & Dapena, J., (2006). Contributions of joint rotations to racquet speed in the tennis serve. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(1), 31–49.10.1080/02640410400022045
Goulet, C., Bard, C., & Fleury, M., (1989). Expertise differences in preparing to return a tennis serve: A visual information processing approach. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 382–398.10.1123/jsep.11.4.382
Grimshaw, P., Lees, A., Fowler, N., & Burden, A., (2007). Sport and exercise biomechanics. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Haake, S., Allen, T., Choppin, S., & Goodwill, S., (2007). The evolution of the tennis racket and its effect on serve speed. In S., Miller & J., CapelDavis (Eds.), Tennis Science and Technology (Vol. 3, p. 257–271). London: International Tennis Federation.
Henning, E., & Schnabel, G., (1988). A method to determine ball impact location and its movement. International Society of Biomechanics in Sports (ISBS) (pp. 178–181).
Hume, D., (2003). Using videotape to analyze the tennis serve. Strategies, 16(5), 15–16.10.1080/08924562.2003.10591038
ITF Technical Centre. (2015). Automated line-calling systems: ITF evaluation.
Johnson, J., (1957). Tennis serve of advanced women players. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 28(2), 123–131.
Kelley, J., Choppin, S., Goodwill, S., & Haake, S., (2010). Validation of a live, automatic ball velocity and spin rate finder in tennis. Procedia Engineering, 2(2), 2967–2972.10.1016/j.proeng.2010.04.096
Kernozek, T. W., & Zimmer, K. A., (2000). Reliability and running speed effects of in-shoe loading measurements during slow treadmill running. Foot & Ankle International, 21(9), 749–752.
Kibler, B., (2012). The kinetic chain in tennis: Do you push or pull? Aspetar Sports Medicine Journal, 1(1), 40–43.
Kibler, B., (2014). Understanding the kinetic chain. Aspetar Sports Medicine Journal, 3(Targered Topic), 492–497.
Kibler, W., Chandler, T., Shapiro, R., & Conuel, M., (2007). Muscle activation in coupled scapulohumeral motions in the high performance tennis serve. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(11), 745–749.10.1136/bjsm.2007.037333
Kibler, W., & Van Der Meer, D., (2001). Mastering the kinetic chain. In P., Roetert & J., Groppel (Eds.), World-class tennis technique (pp. 99–113). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Knudson, D., (1991). Factors affecting force loading on the hand in the tennis forehand. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 31(4), 527–531.
Knudson, D., (2007). Qualitative biomechanical principles for application in coaching. Sports Biomechanics, 6(1), 109–118.10.1080/14763140601062567
Kos, M., Zenko, J., Vlaj, D., & Kramberger, I., (2016). Tennis stroke detection and classification using miniature wearable IMU device. 2016 International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP) (pp. 1–4).
Kovacs, M., & Ellenbecker, T., (2011). An 8-stage model for evaluating the tennis serve. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 3(6), 504–513.10.1177/1941738111414175
Lloyd, D., Alderson, J., & Elliott, B., (2000). An upper limb kinematic model for the examination of cricket bowling: A case study of Mutiah Muralitharan. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(12), 975–982.10.1080/026404100446775
Lu, T., & O’Connor, J., (1999). Bone position estimation from skin marker co-ordinates using global optimisation with joint constraints. Journal of Biomechanics, 32(2), 129–134.10.1016/S0021-9290(98)00158-4
Lubbers, P., (2008). Best practices for using video with your players. ITF Coaching and Sport Science Review, 15(45), 7–8.
Maeda, H., & Okauchi, M., (2012). Friction properties of the face of a hand-held tennis racket. Procedia Engineering, 34, 544–549.10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.093
Martin, C., Bideau, B., Bideau, N., Nicolas, G., Delamarche, P., & Kulpa, R., (2014). Energy flow analysis during the tennis serve. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(11), 2751–2760.10.1177/0363546514547173
Martin, C., Bideau, B., Nicolas, G., Delamarche, P., & Kulpa, R., (2012). How does the tennis serve technique influence the serve-and-volley? Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(11), 1149–1156.10.1080/02640414.2012.695079
Maykut, J. N., & Ford, K. R., (2015). Concurrent validity and reliability. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 10(2), 136–146.
Mündermann, L., Corazza, S., & Andriacchi, T. P., (2006). The evolution of methods for the capture of human movement leading to markerless motion capture for biomechanical applications. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 3, 6.10.1186/1743-0003-3-6
O’Donoghue, P. G., (2001). The most important points in grand slam singles tennis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(2), 125–131.10.1080/02701367.2001.10608942
O’Donoghue, G. P., & Brown, E., (2008). The importance of service in grand slam singles tennis. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 8(3), 70–78.10.1080/24748668.2008.11868449
Otten, E., (2003). Inverse and forward dynamics: Models of multi-body systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 358(1437), 1493–1500.10.1098/rstb.2003.1354
Patterson, M., Caulfield, B., & Conroy, L., (2010). Acceleration and rotation rate profile comparison from inertial sensors mounted on the service arm between tennis players of different skill level. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(14), i25–i26.10.1136/bjsm.2010.078972.78
Pradon, D., & Roche, N., (2009). Utilisation et pertinence des systèmes 3D pour la quantification du mouvement. Kinésithérapie, la Revue, 9(85–86), 35–36.10.1016/S1779-0123(09)70710-7
Pugh, S., Kovaleski, J., Heitman, R., & Gilley, W., (2003). Upper and lower body strength in relation to ball speed during a serve by male collegiate tennis players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97(3), 867–872.10.2466/pms.2003.97.3.867
Rawashdeh, S., Rafeldt, D., & Uhl, T., (2016). Wearable IMU for shoulder injury prevention in overhead sports. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 16(11), 1847.
Razali, R., (2012). The effect of direct video feedback on performance of tennis serve. 30th Annual Conference of Biomechanics in Sports (pp. 241–244). Melbourne.
Reid, M., Elliott, B., & Alderson, J., (2008). Lower-limb coordination and shoulder joint mechanics in the tennis serve. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(2), 308–315.10.1249/mss.0b013e31815c6d61
Reid, M., Giblin, G., & Whiteside, D., (2015). A kinematic comparison of the overhand throw and tennis serve in tennis players: How similar are they really? Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(7), 713–723.10.1080/02640414.2014.962572
Reid, M., Whiteside, D., & Elliott, B., (2010). Effect of skill decomposition on racket and ball kinematics of the elite junior tennis serve. Sports Biomechanics, 9(4), 296–303. doi:10.1080/14763141.2012.724702
Reid, M., Whiteside, D., & Elliott, B., (2011). Serving to different locations: Set-up, toss, and racket kinematics of the professional tennis serve. Sports Biomechanics, 10(4), 407–414. doi:10.1080/14763141.2011.629206
Rogowski, I., Creveaux, T., Faucon, A., Rota, S., Champely, S., Guillot, A., & Hautier, C., (2009). Relationship between muscle coordination and racket mass during forehand drive in tennis. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(3), 289–298.10.1007/s00421-009-1124-4
Rogowski, I., Creveaux, T., Sevrez, V., Cheze, L., & Dumas, R., (2014). How moves the scapula during the tennis serve? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(7), 1444–1449.
Sakurai, S., Jinji, T., Reid, M., Cuitenho, C., & Elliott, B., (2007). Direction of spin axis and spin rate of the ball in tennis service. Journal of Biomechanics, 40, S197.10.1016/S0021-9290(07)70193-8
Sandau, M., Koblauch, H., Moeslund, T. B., Aanæs, H., Alkjær, T., & Simonsen, E. B., (2014). Markerless motion capture can provide reliable 3D gait kinematics in the sagittal and frontal plane. Medical Engineering and Physics, 36(9), 1168–1175.10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.07.007
Scalley, T., (2012). Vertical ground reaction force estimation using position data measered from a markerless motion capture system. Columbus: The Ohio State University.
Schmitz, A., Ye, M., Shapiro, R., Yang, R., & Noehren, B., (2014). Accuracy and repeatability of joint angles measured using a single camera markerless motion capture system. Journal of Biomechanics, 47(2), 587–591.10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.11.031
Schwartz, C., Fredigo, T., Brüls, O., Cescotto, S., Denoël, V., Croisier, J. L., & Forthomme, B., (2011). Reproducibility and repeatability of upper limb landmarks palpation for junior operators. XXIIIrd Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics. Brussels.
Seeley, M., Uhl, T., Mccrory, J., Mcginn, P., Ben Kibler, W., & Shapiro, R., (2008). A comparison of muscle activations during traditional and abbreviated tennis serves. Sports Biomechanics, 7(2), 248–259.10.1080/14763140701841746
Sheets, A., Abrams, G., Corazza, S., Safran, M., & Andriacchi, T., (2011). Kinematics differences between the flat, kick, and slice serves measured using a markerless motion capture method. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 39(12), 3011–3020.10.1007/s10439-011-0418-y
Tanabe, S., & Ito, A., (2007). A three-dimensional analysis of the contributions of upper limb joint movements to horizontal racket head velocity at ball impact during tennis serving. Sports Biomechanics, 6(3), 418–433.10.1080/14763140701491500
Tubez, F., Forthomme, B., Croisier, J.-L., Cordonnier, C., Brüls, O., Denoël, V., & Schwartz, C., (2015). Biomechanical analysis of abdominal injury in tennis serves. A case report. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 14(2), 402–412.
Valentine, R. M., (2012). Application of sensors to investigate tennis racquet dynamics. Procedia Engineering, 34, 449–454.10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.077
Whiteside, D., Bane, M., & Reid, M., (2015). Differentiating top-ranked male tennis players from lower-ranked players using hawk-eye data: An investigation of the 2012-2014 autralian open tournaments. 33rd International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports (pp. 68–71).
Whiteside, D., Chin, A., & Middleton, K., (2012). The validation of a three-dimensional ball rotation model. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 227(1), 49–56.
Whiteside, D., Elliott, B., Lay, B., & Reid, M., (2013a). The effect of age on discrete kinematics of the elite female tennis serve. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 29(5), 573–582. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2327086910.1123/jab.29.5.573
Whiteside, D., Elliott, B., Lay, B., & Reid, M., (2013b). A kinematic comparison of successful and unsuccessful tennis serves across the elite development pathway. Human Movement Science, 32(4), 822–835.10.1016/j.humov.2013.06.003
Wilk, K., Macrina, L., Fleisig, G., Porterfield, R., Simpson, C., Harker, P., … Andrews, J., (2011). Correlation of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and total rotational motion to shoulder injuries in professional baseball pitchers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(2), 329–335.10.1177/0363546510384223
Wu, G., Siegler, S., Allard, P., Kirtley, C., Leardini, A., Rosenbaum, D., … Stokes, I., (2002). ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion–Part I: Ankle, hip, and spine. Journal of Biomechanics, 35(4), 543–548.10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00222-6
Wu, G., van der Helm, F., Veeger, H., Makhsous, M., Van Roy, P., Anglin, C., … Buchholz, B., (2005). ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion–Part II: Shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. Journal of Biomechanics, 38(5), 981–992.10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042
Yan, F., Kittler, J., Windridge, D., Christmas, W., Mikolajczyk, K., Cox, S., & Huang, Q., (2014). Automatic annotation of tennis games: An integration of audio, vision, and learning. Image and Vision Computing, 32(11), 896–903.10.1016/j.imavis.2014.08.004