[en] This article reviews some of the recent developments in the extraction and clean-up areas of biological samples dedicated to dioxin and related compound analysis. A brief introduction on the major dioxin contamination events, which have occurred in the food chain, is given to illustrate the need of fast high throughput methods in case of crises. The emphasis of this paper is the method development based upon reliable instrumental extraction techniques for rapid sample processing and automation such as; supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and, solid-phase extraction (SPE). The PLE and SPE are also discussed in conjunction with the use of a multi-column automated clean-up system that can accommodate up to 5 g of extracted lipids. The fractionation in sub-groups of analytes during the clean-up process allows the isolation of various types of toxicants from a single sample and illustrates the versatility of the system. An integrated extraction and clean-up instrument is finally presented in terms of feasibility and attainable sample turnover for the parallel processing of liquid and solid biological samples. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Research Center/Unit :
CART - Centre Interfacultaire d'Analyse des Résidus en Traces - ULiège
Disciplines :
Chemistry
Author, co-author :
Focant, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de chimie (sciences) > Chimie analytique
van Larebeke N., Hens L., Schepens P., Covaci A., Bayens J., Everaert K., Bernheim J.L., Vlietinck R., De Poorter G. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:2001;265
Erikson B.E. Anal. Chem. 71:1999;541A
Bernard A., Hermans C., Broeckaert F., De Poorter G., De Cock A., Houins G. Nature. 401:1999;231
Neuberger M., Grossgut R., Gyimothy J., Leibetseder J. Lancet. 355:2000;1883
Covaci A., Ryan J.J., Schepens P. Chemosphere. 47:2002;207
Ashraf H. Lancet. 353:1999;2049
Buekens A., Schroyens K., Liem D. Organohalogen Comp. 48:2000;269
Verbeke W. Food Qual. Prefer. 12:2001;489
G. De Poorter, Oral Communication at the 19th International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs Held in Venice, Italy, 1999.
Bernard A., Broeckaert F., De Poorter G., De Cook A., Hermans C., Saegerman C., Houins G. Evaluat. Environ. Res. 88:2002;1
Llerena J.J., Abad E., Caixach J., Rivera J. Organohalogen Comp. 51:2001;283
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), EPA-1613: Tetra Through Octachlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotopic Dilution HRGC-HRMS, Washington, DC, 1994.
EN (European Standard), EN-1948: European Standard, Stationary Source Emissions - Determination of the Mass Concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs, Brussels, Belgium, 1996.
Luque de Castro M.D., Garcia-Ayuso L.E. Anal. Chim. Acta. 369:1998;1
Burse V.W., Head S.L., Korver M.P., McClure P.C., Donahue J.F., Needham L.L. J. Anal. Toxicol. 14:1990;137
Brossa L., Marcé R.M., Borrull F., Pocurull E. J. Chromatogr. A. 963:2002;287
D.D. Blevins, M.F. Burke, T.J. Good, P.A. Harris, K.C. Van Horne, N. Simpson, L.S. Yago, Sorbent Extraction Technology, Varian Associates, Harbor City, CA, 1993.
Gomara B., Ramos L., Gonzalez M.J. J. Chromatogr. B. 766:2002;279
Janàk K., Jensen E., Becher G. J. Chromatogr. B. 734:1999;219
Focant J.-F., DePauw E. Organohalogen Comp. 55:2002;77
Cheek C.S., Wease D.F. Clin. Chem. 15:1969;102
Akins J.R., Waldrep K., Bernet J.T. Jr. Clin. Chim. Acta. 184:1989;219
D.G. Patterson Jr., W.E. Turner, Division of Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences, Laboratory Protocol for PCDD, PCDF, and cPCB Analysis in Serum, Adipose Tissue and Breast Milk, Atlanta, GA, 1998.
Pauwels A., Cenijn P.H., Schepens P.J.C., Brouwer A. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:2000;553
A. Sjödin, E. McGahee III, J.-F. Focant, R.S. Jones, C.R. Lapeza, Y. Zhang, R.Y. Wang, D.G. Patterson Jr., Anal. Chem. (2004), in press.
Holden A.V., Marsden K. J. Chromatogr. 44:1969;481
Martínez-Cored M., Pujadas E., Diaz-Ferrero J., Coll M., Marti R., Broto-Puig F., Comellas L., Rodrigez-Larena M.C. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 364:1999;576
Concejero M., Ramos L., Jinenéz B., Gómara B., Abad E., Rivera J., Gonzàlez M.J. J. Chromatogr. A. 917:2001;227
Lapeza C.R., Patterson D.G. Jr., Liddle J.A. Anal. Chem. 58:1986;713
W.E. Turner, S.G. Isaacs, D.G. Patterson Jr., L.L. Needham, C. Rappe, H.R. Buser (Eds.), Environmental Carcinogens - Methods of Analysis and Exposure Measurement, vol. 11: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Biphenyls, WHO International Association for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1991, p. 299.
Turner W.E., Isaacs S.G., Patterson D.G. Jr. Chemosphere. 25:1992;805