[en] The impact of a recently closed old municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) on polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (POD), polychlorodibenzofuran (PCDF), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in the surrounding environment and resident serum has been studied in a small rural area of France. Studied soils and eggs from chickens foraging on these soils were sampled in the vicinity of the MSWI under the prevailing wind stream, while comparison samples were collected outside the assumed impact zone. PCB levels observed in soils and eggs did not differ statistically from comparison sites. This confirmed the low impact of MSWI PCB emission on environmental media, compared to other well-known sources. PCDD/PCDF levels in soils and eggs were significantly higher than in comparison samples, pointing out the impact of MSWI emission on the surrounding environment. The high dioxin concentrations in eggs set aside for private consumption would increase the dioxin intake for the studied population. Blood specimens of 10 nonoccupationally exposed volunteers who had lived within a 2 km radius of the incinerator for at least 25 years have been analyzed. When adjusted for age, PCB and PCDD/F blood levels were higher than general European populations and comparable to a similarly exposed Belgian population.
Olie, K.; Vermeulen, P. L.; Hutzinger, O. Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorodibenzofurans are trace components of fly ash and flue gas of some municipal incinerators in The Netherlands. Chemosphere 1977, 6, 455-459.
Anderson, D. R.; Fisher, R. Sources of dioxins in the United Kingdom: the steel industry and other sources. Chemosphere 2002, 46, 371-381.
Eduljee, G. H.; Dyke, P. An updated inventory of potential PCDD and PCDF emission sources in the UK. Sci. Tot. Environ. 1996, 177, 303-321.
Lohmann, R.; Northcott, G. L.; Jones, K. C. Assessing the contribution of diffuse domestic burning as a source of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAHs to the U.K. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 2892-2899.
Institut de Veille sanitaire (InVS), Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments (Afssa). Incinérateurs et santé: Exposition aux dioxines de la population vivant à proximité des UIOM, 2003, pp 23-28, ISBN: 2-11-0993127-6.
Van Gerven, T.; Geysen, D.; Vandecasteele, C. Estimation of the contribution of a municipal waste incinerator to the overall emission and human intake of PCBs in Wilrijk, Flanders. Chemosphere 2004, 54, 1303-1308.
Luthardt, P.; Mayer, J.; Fuchs, J. Total TEQ emissions (PCDD/F and PCB) from industrial sources. Chemosphere 2002, 46, 1303-1308.
Brzuzy, L. P.; Hites, R. A. Estimating the atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29, 2090-2098.
Domingo, J. L.; Schuhmacher, M.; Granero, S.; Llobet, J. M.; De Kok, H. A. M. PCDD/F levels in the vicinity of an old municipal solid waste incinerator: temporal variation in soils. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1999, 36, 377-383.
Lorber, M.; Pinsky, P.; Gehring, P.; Braverman, C.; Winters, D.; Sovocool, W. Relationships between dioxins in soil, air, ash, and emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator emitting large amounts of dioxins. Chemosphere 1998, 37, 2173-2197.
Harnly, M. E.; Petreas, M. X.; Flattery, J.; Goldman, L. R. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran contamination in soil and home-produced chicken eggs near pentachlorophenol sources. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 1143-1149.
Schuler, F.; Schmid, P.; Schlatter, C. The transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from soil into eggs of foraging chicken. Chemosphere 1997, 34, 711-718.
Stephens, R. D.; Petreas, M. X.; Hayward, D. G. Biotransfer and bioaccumulation of dioxins and furans from soil: chickens as a model for foraging animals. Sci. Tot. Environ. 1995, 175, 253-273.
Focant, J.-F.; Eppe, G.; Pirard, C.; De Pauw, E. Fast cleanup for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls analysis of high-fat-content biological samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 925, 207-221.
Focant, J.-F.; De Pauw E. Fast automated extraction and cleanup of biological fluids for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls analysis. J. Chromatogr. B 2002, 776, 199-212.
Pirard, C.; Focant, J.-F.; De Pauw, E. An improved cleanup strategy for simultaneous analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in fatty food samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2002, 372, 373-381.
Akins, J. R.; Waldrep, K.; Bernert, J. T., Jr. The estimation o total serum lipids by a completely enzymatic "summation" method. Clin. Chim. Acta 1989, 184, 219-226.
Van den Berg, M.; Birnbaum, L.; Bosveld, A. T. C.; Brunström, B.; Cook, P.; Feeley, M.; Giesy, J. P.; Hanberg, A.; Hasegawa, R.; Kennedy, S. W.; Kubiak, T.; Larsen, J. C.; van Leeuwen, F. X. R.; Liem, A. K. D.; Nolt, C.; Peterson, R. E.; Poellinger, L.; Safe, S.; Schrenk, D.; Tillitt, D.; Tysklind, M.; Younes, M.; Waern, F.; Zacharewski, T. Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106, 775-792.
Final report of the Convention Region Wallonne no. 981/3901, 2001.
Schuhmacher, M.; Granero, S.; Xifro, A.; Domingo, J. L.; Rivera, J.; Eljarrat, E. Levels of PCDD/Fs in soil samples in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator. Chemosphere 1998, 37, 2127-2137.
Schuhmacher, M.; Xifro, A.; Llobet, J. M.; de Kok, H. A.; Domingo, J. L. PCDD/Fs in soil samples collected in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator: human health risks. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1997, 33, 239-246.
Schuhmacher, M.; Granero, S.; Rivera, J.; Muller, L.; Llobet, J. M.; Domingo, J. L. Atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs near an old municipal solid waste incinerator: levels in soil and vegetation. Chemosphere 2000, 40, 593-600.
Rotard, W.; Christmann, W.; Knoth, W. Background levels of PCDD/F in soils of Germany. Chemosphere 1994, 29, 2193-2200.
Schuhmacher, M.; Granero, S.; Llobet, J. M.; De Kok, H. A. M.; Domingo, J. L. Assessment of baseline levels of PCDD/F in soils in the neighborhood of a new hazardous waste incinerator in Catalonia, Spain. Chemosphere 1997, 35, 1947-1958.
Alcock, R. E.; Johnston, A. E.; McGrath, S. P.; Berrow, M. L.; Jones, K. C. Long-term changes in the polychlorinated biphenyl content of United Kingdom soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 1918-1923.
Covaci, A.; Manirakiza, P.; Schepens, P. Persistent organochloride pollutants in soils from Belgium, Italy, Greece and Romania. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2002, 68, 97-103.
Manz, M.; Wenzel, K. D.; Dietze, U.; Schuurmann, G. Persistent organic pollutants in agricultural soils of central Germany. Sci Tot. Environ. 2001, 277, 187-198.
Backe, C.; Cousins, I. T.; Larsson, P. PCB in soils and estimated soil-air exchange fluxes of selected PCB congeners in the south of Sweden. Environ. Pollut. 2004, 128, 59-72.
Jimenez, B.; Eljarrat, E.; Hernandez, L. M.; Rivera, J.; Gonzales, M. J. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soils near a clinical waste incinerator in Madrid, Spain. Chemosphere 1996, 32, 1327-1348.
Compilation of EU Dioxin exposure and health data- task 2 - Environmental levels. 1999, p 6/13-Table 2.
Basler, A. Dioxins and related compounds - Status and regulatory aspects in Germany. Environ. Sci., Pollut. Res. 1995, 2, 117-121.
Domingo, J. L.; Schuhmacher, M.; Muller, L.; Rivera, J.; Granero, S.; Llobet, J. M. Evaluating the environmental impact of an old municipal waste incinerator: PCDD/F levels in soil and vegetation samples. J. Hazard. Mater. 2000, 76, 1-12.
Eljarrat, E.; Monjonell, A.; Caixach, J.; Rivera, J. Toxic Potency of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Food Samples from Catalonia (Spain). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 1161-1167.
Llobet, J. M.; Bocio, A.; Domingo, J. L.; Teixido, A.; Casas, C.; Muller, L. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in foods from Catalonia, Spain: estimated dietary intake. J. Food Prot. 2003, 66, 479-484.
Hosseinpour, J.; Rottler, H.; Joas, R.; Potrykus, A.; Schott, R. Dioxin-like PCB levels in feed and food across the European Union. Organohalogen Compd. 2002, 57, 77-79.
Council Regulation No. 2375/2001. Official Journal of the European Communities, 6.12.2001, 2001, L321/1-5.
Traag, W.; Portier, L.; Bovee, T.; van der Weg, G.; Onstenk, C.; Elghouch, N.; Coors, R.; v.d. Kraats, C.; Hoogenboom, R. Residues of dioxins and coplanar PCBs in eggs of free range chickens. Organohalogen Compd. 2002, 57, 245-248.
Malisch, R. Update of PCDD/PCDF-Intake from food in Germany. Chemosphere 1998, 37, 1687-1698.
Pussemier, L.; Mohimont, L.; Huyghebaert, A.; Goeyens, L. Enhanced levels of dioxins in eggs from free range hens; a fast evaluation approach. Talanta 2004, 63, 1273-1276.
Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments (Afssa). Dioxines: données de contamination et d'exposition de la population française, 2000. Available: http://www.afssa.fr/ftp/afssa/ basedoc/Dioxines2bis.pdf.
World Health Organization (VVHO). Consultation on assessment of the health risk of dioxins; reevaluation of the tolerable daily intake (TDI): executive summary. Food Addit. Contam. 2000, 17, 223-240.
European Commission's advisory Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). SCF/CS/CNTM/DIOXIN/20 final. 2000. Available: http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/ sc/scf/out90_en.pdf.
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). WHO Technical Report Series 2002, No. 909.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The 1994 EPA Dioxin Reassessment. Health Assessment, 1994, Volume III: Risk Characterization.
Wingfors, H.; Lindstrom, G.; Van Bavel, B.; Schuhmacher, M.; Hardell, L. Multivariate data evaluation of PCB and dioxin profiles in the general population in Sweden and Spain. Chemosphere 2000, 40, 1083-1088.
Voorspoels, S.; Covaci, A.; Maervoet, J.; Schepens, P. Relationship between age and levels of organochlorine contaminants in human serum of a Belgian population. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2002, 69, 22-29.
Humphrey, HE.; Gardiner, J. C.; Pandya, J. R.; Sweeney, A. M.; Gasior, D. M.; McCaffrey, R. J.; Schantz, S. L. PCB congener profile in the serum of humans consuming Great Lakes fish. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108, 167-172.
Jimenez, B.; Hernandez, L. M.; Eljarrat, E.; Rivera, J.; Gonzalez, M. J. Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and nonortho PCBs in serum samples of nonexposed individuals living in Madrid (Spain). Chemosphere 1996, 33, 2403-2410.
Arfi, C.; Seta, N.; Fraisse, D.; Revel, A.; Escande, J.-P.; Momas, I. Dioxins in adipose tissue of nonoccupationally exposed persons in France: correlation with individual food exposure. Chemosphere 2001, 44, 1347-1352.
Kim, B. H.; Ikonomou, M. G.; Lee, S. J.; Kim, H. S.; Chang, Y. S. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dicixins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human blood samples from Korea. Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 336, 45-56.
Fierens, S.; Mairesse, H.; Hermans, C.; Bernard, A.; Eppe, G.; Focant, J.-F.; De Pauw, E. Dioxin Accumulation in Residents Around Incinerators. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2003, 66, 1287-1293.
Goldman, L. R.; Harnly, M.; Flattery, J.; Patterson, D. G., Jr.; Needham, L. L. Serum polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans among people eating contaminated home-produced eggs and beef. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108, 13-19.
Anderson, H. A.; Falk, C.; Hanrahan, L.; Olson, J.; Burse, V. W.; Needham, L.; Paschal, D.; Patterson, D., Jr.; Hill, R. H., Jr. Profiles of Great Lakes critical pollutants: a sentinel analysis of human blood and urine. The Great. Lakes Consortium. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106, 279-289.
Johansen, H. R.; Alexander, J.; Rossland, O. J.; Planting, S.; Lovik, M.; Gaarder, P. I.; Gdynia, W.; Bjerve, K. S.; Becher, G. PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in human blood in relation to consumption of crabs from a contaminated fjord area in Norway. Environ. Health Perspect. 1996, 104, 756-764.