[fr] Les oligosaccharides pectiques ou POS sont des fragments de composition complexe issus de la dégradation chimique, physique ou enzymatique de la pectine. Du fait de l’intérêt de leurs propriétés biologiques, les oligosaccharides pectiques font l’objet de nombreuses études et trouvent aujourd’hui des applications dans des domaines aussi différents que la médecine, l’agriculture et l’industrie agro-alimentaire. Cet écrit présente la structure des pectines ainsi que les différents modes de production des POS en insistant particulièrement sur les différentes enzymes microbiennes permettant de les obtenir et sur les applications possibles de ces POS.
Alkorta I., Garbisu C, Liama M.J. & Serra J.L., 1998. Industrial applications of pectic enzymes: a review. Process. Biochem., 33(1), 21-28.
Baldan B., Bertoldo A., Navazio L. & Mariani P., 2003. Oligogalacturonide-induced changes in the developmental pattern of Daucus carota L. somatic embryos. Plant Sci., 165, 337-348.
Barreteau H., Delattre C. & Michaud P., 2006. Production of oligosaccharides as promising new food additive generation. Food Technol. Biotechnol, 44(3), 323-333.
Blanco P., Sieiro C. & Villa G.T., 1999. Production of pectic enzymes in yeasts. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 175, 1-9.
Bonnin E., Dolo E.,Le Goff A. & Thibault J.F., 2002a. Characterisation of pectin subunits released by an optimised combination of enzymes. Carbohydr. Res., 337, 1687-1696.
Bonnin E. et al., 2002b. Release of ferulic acid from agroindustrial by-products by the cell wall-degrading enzymes produced by Aspergillus niger I-1472. Enzyme Microb. Technol, 31, 1000-1005.
Cameron R.G., Luzio G.A., Goodner K. & Williams M.A.K., 2008. Demethylation of a model homogalacturonan with a salt-independent pectin methylesterase from citrus: I. Effect of pH on demethylated block size, block number and enzyme mode of action. Carbohydr. Polym., 71, 287-299.
Capel F. et al., 2006. Calcium and acid induced gelation of (amidated) low methoxyl pectin. Food Hydrocolloids, 20, 901-907.
Chauhan D. et al., 2005. A novel carbohydrate-based therapeutic GCS-100 overcomes bortezomib resistance and enhances dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Res., 65(18), 8350-8358.
Courtois J., 2009. Oligosaccharides from land plants and algae: production and applications in therapeutics and biotechnology. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 12, 261-273.
Daas P.J.H. et al., 1999. Investigation of the non-esterifed galacturonic acid distribution in pectin with endo-polygalacturonase. Carbohydr. Res., 318, 135-145.
Denès J.M. et al., 2000. Different action patterns for apple pectin methylesterase at pH7.0 and 4.5. Carbohydr. Res., 327, 385-393.
De Vries R.P & Visser J., 2001. Aspergillus enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 65,497-522.
De Vries R.P. et al., 2002. The-1,4-endogalactanaseA gene from Aspergillus niger is specifcally induced on arabinose and galacturonic acid and plays an important role in the degradation of pectic hairy regions. Eur. J. Biochem., 269,4985-4993.
Dongwski G., Lorenz A. & Proll J., 2002. The degree of methylation infuences the degradation of pectin in the intestinal tract of rats and in vitro. J. Nutr., 132, 1935-1944.
Dumville J.C. & Fry S.C, 2000. Uronic acid-containing oligosaccharins: their biosynthesis, degradation and signalling roles in non-diseased plant tissues. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 38(1/2), 125-140.
Fanaro S. et al., 2005. Acidic oligosaccharides from pectin hydrolysate as new component for infant formulae: effect on intestinal flora, stool characteristics, and pH. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 41(2), 186-190.
Fang Y. et al., 2008. Binding behavior of calcium to polyuronates: comparison of pectin with alginate. Carbohydr Polym., 72, 334-341.
Favela-Torres E., Volke-Sepùlveda T. & Vniegra-Gonzalez G., 2006. Production of hydrolytic depolymerising pectinases. Food Technol. Biotechnol., 44(2), 221-227.
Gielkens M. et al., 1999. The abfB gene encoding the major α-L-arabinofuranosidase of Aspergillus nidulans: nucleotide sequence, regulation and construction of a disrupted strain. Microbiology, 145, 735-741
Guillotin S.E. et al., 2007. Rapid HPLC method to screen pectins for heterogeneity in methyl-esterification and amidation. Food Hydrocolloids, 21, 85-91.
Hotchkiss A.T. et al., 2003. Pectic oligosaccharides as prebiotics. ACS Symp. Ser., 849, 54-62.
Ishii T. et al., 1999. The plant cell wall polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan self-assembles into a covalently cross-linked dimmer. J. Biol. Chem., 274(19), 13098-13104.
Iwasaki K., Inoue M. & Matsubara Y., 1998. Continuous hydrolysis of pectate by immobilized endo-polygalacturonase in a continuously stirred tank reactor. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 62, 262-272.
Jackson C.L. et al., 2007. Pectin induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: correlation of apoptotic function with pectin structure. Glycobiology, 17(8), 805-819.
Jayani R.S., Saxena S. & Gupta R., 2005. Microbial pectinolytic enzymes: a review. Process Biochem., 40, 2931-2944.
Kashyap D.R., Vohra P.K., Chopra S. & Tewari R., 2001. Applications of pectinases in the commercial sector: a review. Bioresour. Technol., 77, 215-227.
Levigne S. et al., 2002. Determination of the degrees of methylation and acetylation of pectin using a C18 column and internal standards. Food Hydrocolloids, 16, 547-550.
Manderson K. et al., 2005. In vitro determination of the prebiotic properties of oligosaccharides derived from an orange juice manufacture by-product stream. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(12), 8383-8389.
Marfà V et al., 1991. Oligogalacturonides are able to induce fowers to form on tabacco explants. Plant J., 1(2), 217-225.
Mesbahi G., Jamalian J. & Farahnaky A., 2005. A comparative study on functional properties of beet and citrus pectins in food systems. Food Hydrocolloids, 19, 731-738.
Messiaen J. & Van Cutsem P, 1994. Pectic signal transduction in carrot cells: membrane, cytosolic nuclear responses induced by oligogalacturonides. Plant Cell Physiol, 35, 677-689.
Mutter M. et al., 1998. Rhamnogalacturonan α-D-galactopyranosyluronohydrolase: an enzyme that specifcally removes the terminal non reducing galacturonosyl residue in rhamnogalacturonan regions of pectin. Plant Physiol., 117, 153-163.
Olano-Martin E., Gibson G.R. & Rastall R.A., 2002. Comparison of the in vitro bifdogenic properties of pectins and pectic-oligosaccharides. J. Appl. Microbiol., 93,505-511.
Olano-Martin E., Williams M.R., Gibson G.R. & Rastall R.A., 2003. Pectins and pectic-oligosaccharides inhibit Escherichia coli O157:H7 shiga toxin as directed towards the human colonic cell line HT29. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 218, 101-105.
Perrone P. et al., 2002. Patterns of methyl and O-acetyl esterification in spinach pectins: new complexity. Phytochemistry, 60, 67-77.
Qiang X., Yonglie C. & Qianbing W., 2009. Health beneft application of functional oligosaccharides. Carbohydr. Polym., 77, 435-441.
Rastall R.A. & Maitin V., 2002. Prebiotics and synbiotics: towards the next generation. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 13, 490-496.
Ridley B.L., O'Neill M.A. & Mohnen D., 2001. Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signaling. Phytochemistry, 57, 929-967.
Sakai T., Sakamoto T., Hallaert J. & Vandamme E.J., 1993. Pectin, pectinase and protopectinase: production, properties and applications. Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 39, 213-279.
Schols H.A., Bakx E.J., Schipper D. & Voragen A.G.J., 1995. A xylogalacturonan subunit present in the modified hairy regions of apple pectin. Carbohydr. Res., 279, 265-279.
Souto-Maior J.F.A., Reis A.V., Pedreiro L.N & Cavalcanti O.A., 2010. Phosphated crosslinked pectin as a potential excipient for specifc drug delivery: preparation and physicochemical characterization. Polym. Int., 59, 127-135.
Suzuki T. et al., 2002. Preparation and isolation of oligogalacturonic acids and their effects in cockscomb (Celosia argentea L.) seedlings. J. Plant Growth Regul., 21, 209-215.
Swennen K., Courtin C.M. & Delcour J.A., 2006. Non-digestible oligosaccharides with prebiotic properties. Food Sci. Nutr., 46, 459-471.
Thakur B.R, Singh R.K. & Handa A.K., 1997. Chemistry and uses of pectin: a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 37(1), 47-73.
Tho I., Kjonilsen A.-L., Knudsen K.D. & Nyström B., 2006. Effect of solvent composition on the association behaviour of pectin in methanol-water mixtures. Eur. Polym. J., 42, 1164-1172.
Van Cutsem P & Pino Cabrera J.C., 2008. Composition comprising oligogalacturonans and polycationic saccharides. WO 2008/065151 A1.
Willats W.G.T., Knox J.P & Mikkelsen J.D., 2006. Pectin: new insights into an old polymer are starting to gel. Trends Food Sci. Technol, 17, 97-104.
