K. Aktories, K.H. Jakobs, and G. Schultz Nicotinic acid inhibits adipocyte adenylate cyclase in a hormone-like manner FEBS Lett 115 1980 11 14 (Pubitemid 11247223)
R. Altschul, A. Hoffer, and J.D. Stephen Influence of nicotinic acid on serum cholesterol in man Arch Biochem 54 1955 558 559
R.G. Andersson, G. Aberg, R. Brattsand, E. Ericsson, and L. Lundholm Studies on the mechanism of flush induced by nicotinic acid Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 41 1977 1 10 (Pubitemid 8150983)
A.H. Barnett, A.J. Spiliopoulos, and D.A. Pyke Blockade of chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing by indomethacin suggests an association between prostaglandins and diabetic vascular complications Lancet 2 1980 164 166 (Pubitemid 10084714)
W. Bean, and T. Spies A study of the effects of nicotinic acid and related pyridine and pyrazine compounds on the temperature of the skin of human beings Am Heart J 20 1940 62 76
Z. Benyó, A. Gille, C.L. Bennett, B.E. Clausen, and S. Offermanns Nicotinic acid-induced flushing is mediated by activation of epidermal Langerhans cells Mol Pharmacol 70 2006 1844 1849 (Pubitemid 44771899)
Z. Benyó, A. Gille, J. Kero, M. Csiky, M.C. Suchankova, and R.M. Nusing GPR109A (PUMA-G/HM74A) mediates nicotinic acid-induced flushing J Clin Invest 115 2005 3634 3640 (Pubitemid 43121852)
Y. Bermudez, C.A. Benavente, R.G. Meyer, W.R. Coyle, M.K. Jacobson, and E.L. Jacobson Nicotinic acid receptor abnormalities in human skin cancer: implications for a role in epidermal differentiation PLoS One 6 2011 e20487
A.K. Black, N. Fincham, M.W. Greaves, and C.N. Hensby Time course changes in levels of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins D2, E2, F2 alpha in human skin following ultraviolet B irradiation Br J Clin Pharmacol 10 1980 453 457 (Pubitemid 11226740)
W.E. Boden, J.L. Probstfield, T. Anderson, B.R. Chaitman, P. Desvignes-Nickens, and K. Koprowicz Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy N Engl J Med 365 2011 2255 2267
T.G. Brock, R.W. McNish, and M. Peters-Golden Arachidonic acid is preferentially metabolized by cyclooxygenase-2 to prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 J Biol Chem 274 1999 11660 11666
B.G. Brown, and X.Q. Zhao Nicotinic acid, alone and in combinations, for reduction of cardiovascular risk Am J Cardiol 101 2008 58B 62B
S.Y. Buckman, A. Gresham, P. Hale, G. Hruza, J. Anast, and J. Masferrer COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: implications for the development of skin cancer Carcinogenesis 19 1998 723 729 (Pubitemid 28376760)
P.L. Canner, K.G. Berge, N.K. Wenger, J. Stamler, L. Friedman, and R.J. Prineas Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin J Am Coll Cardiol 8 1986 1245 1255 (Pubitemid 17208898)
E. Carballo-Jane, T. Ciecko, S. Luell, J.W. Woods, E.I. Zycband, and M.G. Waters Potential role for epidermal Langerhans cells in nicotinic acid-induced vasodilatation in the mouse Inflamm Res 56 2007 254 261 (Pubitemid 47026292)
L.A. Carlson Nicotinic acid and other therapies for raising high-density lipoprotein Curr Opin Cardiol 21 2006 336 344 (Pubitemid 44315067)
K. Cheng, T.J. Wu, K.K. Wu, C. Sturino, K. Metters, and K. Gottesdiener Antagonism of the prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 suppresses nicotinic acid-induced vasodilation in mice and humans Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 2006 6682 6687
S.M. DeWire, S. Ahn, R.J. Lefkowitz, and S.K. Shenoy Beta-arrestins and cell signaling Annu Rev Physiol 69 2007 483 510
J.E. Digby, J.M. Lee, and R.P. Choudhury Nicotinic acid and the prevention of coronary artery disease Curr Opin Lipidol 20 2009 321 326
V. Dishy, F. Liu, D.L. Ebel, G.J. Atiee, J. Royalty, and S. Reilley Effects of aspirin when added to the prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonist laropiprant on niacin-induced flushing symptoms J Clin Pharmacol 49 2009 416 422
R.L. Dunbar, and J.M. Gelfand Seeing red: flushing out instigators of niacin-associated skin toxicity J Clin Invest 120 2010 2651 2655
C.B. Evans, S. Pillai, and M.E. Goldyne Endogenous prostaglandin E2 modulates calcium-induced differentiation in human skin keratinocytes Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 49 1993 777 781
J.H. Exton Regulation of phosphoinositide phospholipases by hormones, neurotransmitters, and other agonists linked to G proteins Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36 1996 481 509 (Pubitemid 26168707)
M. Garcia-Caballero, M. Mari-Beffa, M.A. Medina, and A.R. Quesada Dimethylfumarate inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo: a possible role for its antipsoriatic effect? J Invest Dermatol 131 2011 1347 1355
K. Ghoreschi, J. Bruck, C. Kellerer, C. Deng, H. Peng, and O. Rothfuss Fumarates improve psoriasis and multiple sclerosis by inducing type II dendritic cells J Exp Med 208 2011 2291 2303
A. Gille, E.T. Bodor, K. Ahmed, and S. Offermanns Nicotinic acid: pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 48 2008 79 106 (Pubitemid 351738150)
A. Goldberg, P. Alagona Jr., D.M. Capuzzi, J. Guyton, J.M. Morgan, and J. Rodgers Multiple-dose efficacy and safety of an extended-release form of niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia Am J Cardiol 85 2000 1100 1105 (Pubitemid 30214256)
G. Goldsmith, and S. Cordill The vasodilating effects of nicotinic acid: relation to metabolic rate and body temperature Am J Med Sci 205 1943 204 208
H. Gollnick, P. Altmeyer, R. Kaufmann, J. Ring, E. Christophers, and S. Pavel Topical calcipotriol plus oral fumaric acid is more effective and faster acting than oral fumaric acid monotherapy in the treatment of severe chronic plaque psoriasis vulgaris Dermatology 205 2002 46 53 (Pubitemid 36152961)
D.R. Gray, T. Morgan, S.D. Chretien, and M.L. Kashyap Efficacy and safety of controlled-release niacin in dyslipoproteinemic veterans Ann Intern Med 121 1994 252 258
S. Hammarstrom, M. Hamberg, B. Samuelsson, E.A. Duell, M. Stawiski, and J.J. Voorhees Increased concentrations of nonesterified arachidonic acid, 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F2alpha in epidermis of psoriasis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 72 1975 5130 5134
J. Hanson, A. Gille, S. Zwykiel, M. Lukasova, B.E. Clausen, and K. Ahmed Nicotinic acid- and monomethyl fumarate-induced flushing involves GPR109A expressed by keratinocytes and COX-2-dependent prostanoid formation in mice J Clin Invest 120 2010 2910 2919
F. Herrmann Administration of nicotinic acid in psoriasis Hautarzt 15 1964 11 13
J.J. Hoefnagel, H.B. Thio, R. Willemze, and J.N. Bouwes Bavinck Long-term safety aspects of systemic therapy with fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis Br J Dermatol 149 2003 363 369 (Pubitemid 37100263)
S. Hoxtermann, C. Nuchel, and P. Altmeyer Fumaric acid esters suppress peripheral CD4- and CD8-positive lymphocytes in psoriasis Dermatology 196 1998 223 230 (Pubitemid 28139451)
T.A. Jacobson A "hot" topic in dyslipidemia management-"how to beat a flush": optimizing niacin tolerability to promote long-term treatment adherence and coronary disease prevention Mayo Clin Proc 85 2010 365 379
L. Kaijser, B. Eklund, A.G. Olsson, and L.A. Carlson Dissociation of the effects of nicotinic acid on vasodilatation and lipolysis by a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, in man Med Biol 57 1979 114 117 (Pubitemid 9187410)
V.S. Kamanna, and M.L. Kashyap Mechanism of action of niacin Am J Cardiol 101 2008 20B 26B
E. Kelly, C.P. Bailey, and G. Henderson Agonist-selective mechanisms of GPCR desensitization Br J Pharmacol 153 Suppl. 1 2008 S379 S388
T. Kenakin Functional selectivity and biased receptor signaling J Pharmacol Exp Ther 336 2011 296 302
R.H. Knopp, P. Alagona, M. Davidson, A.C. Goldberg, S.D. Kafonek, and M. Kashyap Equivalent efficacy of a time-release form of niacin (Niaspan) given once-a-night versus plain niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia Metabolism 47 1998 1097 1104 (Pubitemid 28428015)
E. Lai, I. De Lepeleire, T.M. Crumley, F. Liu, L.A. Wenning, and N. Michiels Suppression of niacin-induced vasodilation with an antagonist to prostaglandin D2 receptor subtype 1 Clin Pharmacol Ther 81 2007 849 857 (Pubitemid 46788299)
E. Lai, M.G. Waters, J.R. Tata, W. Radziszewski, I. Perevozskaya, and W. Zheng Effects of a niacin receptor partial agonist, MK-0354, on plasma free fatty acids, lipids, and cutaneous flushing in humans J Clin Lipidol 2 2008 375 383
J. Leong, M. Hughes-Fulford, N. Rakhlin, A. Habib, J. Maclouf, and M.E. Goldyne Cyclooxygenases in human and mouse skin and cultured human keratinocytes: association of COX-2 expression with human keratinocyte differentiation Exp Cell Res 224 1996 79 87 (Pubitemid 26116890)
M.A. Lowes, A.M. Bowcock, and J.G. Krueger Pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis Nature 445 2007 866 873
M. Lukasova, J. Hanson, S. Tunaru, and S. Offermanns Nicotinic acid (niacin): new lipid-independent mechanisms of action and therapeutic potentials Trends Pharmacol Sci 32 2011 700 707
M. Lukasova, C. Malaval, A. Gille, J. Kero, and S. Offermanns Nicotinic acid inhibits progression of atherosclerosis in mice through its receptor GPR109A expressed by immune cells J Clin Invest 121 2011 1163 1173
D. Maciejewski-Lenoir, J.G. Richman, Y. Hakak, I. Gaidarov, D.P. Behan, and D.T. Connolly Langerhans cells release prostaglandin D2 in response to nicotinic acid J Invest Dermatol 126 2006 2637 2646 (Pubitemid 44764048)
M. Meissner, M. Doll, I. Hrgovic, G. Reichenbach, V. Konig, and T. Hailemariam-Jahn Suppression of VEGFR2 expression in human endothelial cells by dimethylfumarate treatment: evidence for anti-angiogenic action J Invest Dermatol 131 2011 1356 1364
E.D. Michos, C.T. Sibley, J.T. Baer, M.J. Blaha, and R.S. Blumenthal Niacin and statin combination therapy for atherosclerosis regression and prevention of cardiovascular disease events: reconciling the AIM-HIGH (Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome With Low HDL/High Triglycerides: Impact on Global Health Outcomes) trial with previous surrogate endpoint trials J Am Coll Cardiol 59 2012 2058 2064
J.M. Morgan, D.M. Capuzzi, J.R. Guyton, R.M. Centor, R. Goldberg, and D.C. Robbins Treatment effect of niaspan, a controlled-release niacin, in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a placebo-controlled trial J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 1 1996 195 202
J.D. Morrow, J.A. Awad, J.A. Oates, and L.J. Roberts II Identification of skin as a major site of prostaglandin D2 release following oral administration of niacin in humans J Invest Dermatol 98 1992 812 815
J.D. Morrow, W.G. Parsons III, and L.J. Roberts II Release of markedly increased quantities of prostaglandin D2 in vivo in humans following the administration of nicotinic acid Prostaglandins 38 1989 263 274 (Pubitemid 19206949)
U. Mrowietz, and K. Asadullah Dimethylfumarate for psoriasis: more than a dietary curiosity Trends Mol Med 11 2005 43 48 (Pubitemid 40092674)
U. Mrowietz, E. Christophers, and P. Altmeyer Treatment of psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: results of a prospective multicentre study. German Multicentre Study Br J Dermatol 138 1998 456 460 (Pubitemid 28145514)
F. Nantel, D. Denis, R. Gordon, A. Northey, M. Cirino, and K.M. Metters Distribution and regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in carrageenan-induced inflammation Br J Pharmacol 128 1999 853 859 (Pubitemid 29494701)
S.J. Nicholls The AIM-HIGH (Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome With Low HDL/High Triglycerides: Impact on Global Health Outcomes) trial: to believe or not to believe? J Am Coll Cardiol 59 2012 2065 2067
B.J. Nickoloff, and F.O. Nestle Recent insights into the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis provide new therapeutic opportunities J Clin Invest 113 2004 1664 1675 (Pubitemid 39071656)
C. Nieboer, D. de Hoop, P.N. Langendijk, A.C. van Loenen, and J. Gubbels Fumaric acid therapy in psoriasis: a double-blind comparison between fumaric acid compound therapy and monotherapy with dimethylfumaric acid ester Dermatologica 181 1990 33 37 (Pubitemid 20207396)
C. Nieboer, D. de Hoop, A.C. van Loenen, P.N. Langendijk, and E. van Dijk Systemic therapy with fumaric acid derivates: new possibilities in the treatment of psoriasis J Am Acad Dermatol 20 1989 601 608 (Pubitemid 19091258)
H. Nomura, B.W. Nielsen, and K. Matsushima Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding a LD78 receptor and putative leukocyte chemotactic peptide receptors Int Immunol 5 1993 1239 1249 (Pubitemid 23308083)
S. Nozaki, S. Kihara, M. Kubo, K. Kameda, Y. Matsuzawa, and S. Tarui Increased compliance of niceritrol treatment by addition of aspirin: relationship between changes in prostaglandins and skin flushing Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 25 1987 643 647 (Pubitemid 18001182)
S. Offermanns, S.L. Colletti, T.W. Lovenberg, G. Semple, A. Wise, AP, and I. J. International union of basic and clinical pharmacology. LXXXII: nomenclature and classification of hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptors (GPR81, GPR109A, and GPR109B) Pharmacol Rev 63 2011 269 290
J.F. Paolini, Y.B. Mitchel, R. Reyes, U. Kher, E. Lai, and D.J. Watson Effects of laropiprant on nicotinic acid-induced flushing in patients with dyslipidemia Am J Cardiol 101 2008 625 630
A.P. Pentland, and P. Needleman Modulation of keratinocyte proliferation in vitro by endogenous prostaglandin synthesis J Clin Invest 77 1986 246 251 (Pubitemid 16101226)
W.S. Phillips, and S.L. Lightman Is cutaneous flushing prostaglandin mediated? Lancet 1 1981 754 756 (Pubitemid 11153977)
K. Reich, D. Thaci, U. Mrowietz, A. Kamps, M. Neureither, and T. Luger Efficacy and safety of fumaric acid esters in the long-term treatment of psoriasis-a retrospective study (FUTURE) J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 7 2009 603 611
D.M. Reilly, R. Parslew, G.R. Sharpe, S. Powell, and M.R. Green Inflammatory mediators in normal, sensitive and diseased skin types Acta Derm Venereol 80 2000 171 174
S.G. Rhee Regulation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C Annu Rev Biochem 70 2001 281 312 (Pubitemid 32662212)
J.G. Richman, M. Kanemitsu-Parks, I. Gaidarov, J.S. Cameron, P. Griffin, and H. Zheng Nicotinic acid receptor agonists differentially activate downstream effectors J Biol Chem 282 2007 18028 18036 (Pubitemid 47100250)
O. Rohte, D. Thormahlen, and P. Ochlich Elucidation of the mechanism of nicotinic acid flush in the animal experiment (author's transl) Arzneimittelforschung 27 1977 2347 2352 (Pubitemid 8235586)
M. Rostami Yazdi, and U. Mrowietz Fumaric acid esters Clin Dermatol 26 2008 522 526
T. Ruzicka, J.F. Walter, and M.P. Printz Changes in arachidonic acid metabolism in UV-irradiated hairless mouse skin J Invest Dermatol 81 1983 300 303 (Pubitemid 13013571)
G. Schäfer Fumarsäure lindert die Schuppenflechte Selecta 15 1984 1260 1261
W. Schweckendiek Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris Med Monatsschr 13 1959 103 104
G. Semple, P.J. Skinner, T. Gharbaoui, Y.J. Shin, J.K. Jung, and M.C. Cherrier 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-cyclopentapyrazole (MK-0354): a partial agonist of the nicotinic acid receptor, G-protein coupled receptor 109a, with antilipolytic but no vasodilatory activity in mice J Med Chem 51 2008 5101 5108
N.J. Smith, K.A. Bennett, and G. Milligan When simple agonism is not enough: emerging modalities of GPCR ligands Mol Cell Endocrinol 331 2010 241 247
D. Smith, J. Ruffin, and S. Smith Pellagra successfully treated with nicotinic acid: a case report J Am Med Assoc 109 1937 2054 2055
T. Soga, M. Kamohara, J. Takasaki, S. Matsumoto, T. Saito, and T. Ohishi Molecular identification of nicotinic acid receptor Biochem Biophys Res Commun 303 2003 364 369 (Pubitemid 36338250)
T. Spies, C. Cooper, and M. Blankenhorn The use of nicotinic acid in the treatment of pellagra J Am Med Assoc 110 1938 622 627
R.H. Stern, J.D. Spence, D.J. Freeman, and A. Parbtani Tolerance to nicotinic acid flushing Clin Pharmacol Ther 50 1991 66 70
H. Tang, J.Y. Lu, X. Zheng, Y. Yang, and J.D. Reagan The psoriasis drug monomethylfumarate is a potent nicotinic acid receptor agonist Biochem Biophys Res Commun 375 2008 562 565
H.B. Thio, J.G. van der Schroeff, W.M. Nugteren-Huying, and B.J. Vermeer Long-term systemic therapy with dimethylfumarate and monoethylfumarate (Fumaderm®) in psoriasis J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 4 1995 35 40
H.B. Thio, T.P. Zomerdijk, C. Oudshoorn, J. Kempenaar, P.H. Nibbering, and J.G. van der Schroeff Fumaric acid derivatives evoke a transient increase in intracellular free calcium concentration and inhibit the proliferation of human keratinocytes Br J Dermatol 131 1994 856 861 (Pubitemid 24373965)
S. Tunaru, J. Kero, A. Schaub, C. Wufka, A. Blaukat, and K. Pfeffer PUMA-G and HM74 are receptors for nicotinic acid and mediate its anti-lipolytic effect Nat Med 9 2003 352 355 (Pubitemid 36362793)
E. Tur, R.H. Guy, M. Tur, and H.I. Maibach Noninvasive assessment of local nicotinate pharmacodynamics by photoplethysmography J Invest Dermatol 80 1983 499 503 (Pubitemid 13062262)
J. Valladeau, and S. Saeland Cutaneous dendritic cells Semin Immunol 17 2005 273 283 (Pubitemid 40984021)
E. van Dijk Fumaric acid in the treatment of patients with psoriasis Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 129 1985 485 486 (Pubitemid 15142903)
E.M. Wain, M.I. Darling, R.D. Pleass, J.N. Barker, and C.H. Smith Treatment of severe, recalcitrant, chronic plaque psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: a prospective study Br J Dermatol 162 2009 427 434
R.W. Walters, A.K. Shukla, J.J. Kovacs, J.D. Violin, S.M. DeWire, and C.M. Lam Beta-Arrestin1 mediates nicotinic acid-induced flushing, but not its antilipolytic effect, in mice J Clin Invest 119 2009 1312 1321
A. Watabe, Y. Sugimoto, A. Honda, A. Irie, T. Namba, and M. Negishi Cloning and expression of cDNA for a mouse EP1 subtype of prostaglandin E receptor J Biol Chem 268 1993 20175 20178 (Pubitemid 23278918)
A. Wise, S.M. Foord, N.J. Fraser, A.A. Barnes, N. Elshourbagy, and M. Eilert Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid J Biol Chem 278 2003 9869 9874 (Pubitemid 36800490)
B.J. Wu, L. Yan, F. Charlton, P. Witting, P.J. Barter, and K.A. Rye Evidence that niacin inhibits acute vascular inflammation and improves endothelial dysfunction independent of changes in plasma lipids Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 2010 968 975
Y. Zhang, R.J. Schmidt, P. Foxworthy, R. Emkey, J.K. Oler, and T.H. Large Niacin mediates lipolysis in adipose tissue through its G-protein coupled receptor HM74A Biochem Biophys Res Commun 334 2005 729 732 (Pubitemid 40982427)
