The authors thank The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System for their preprint deposit authorization. The original publication can be found in the Astrophysical Journal.
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[en] We present the first measurement of the planet frequency beyond the "snow line," for the planet-to-star mass-ratio interval –4.5 < log q < –2, corresponding to the range of ice giants to gas giants. We find \endgraf\vbox{\begin{center}$\displaystyle{d^2 N{_{\rm pl}}\over d\log q\, d\log s} = (0.36\pm 0.15)\;{\rm dex}^{-2}$\end{center}}\noindentat the mean mass ratio q = 5 × 10 –4 with no discernible deviation from a flat (Öpik's law) distribution in log-projected separation s. The determination is based on a sample of six planets detected from intensive follow-up observations of high-magnification ( A>200) microlensing events during 2005-2008. The sampled host stars have a typical mass M host ~ 0.5 M sun
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Gould, A.; Microlensing Follow Up Network (μFUN) ; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Dong, Subo; Microlensing Follow Up Network (μFUN) ; Institute for Advanced Study, Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA ; RoboNet.
Gaudi, B. S.; Microlensing Follow Up Network (μFUN) ; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Bond, I. A.; Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA) ; Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102-904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
Greenhill, J.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; University of Tasmania, School of Mathematics and Physics, Private Bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
Street, R. A.; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope network, 6740 Cortona Drive, suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA ; Department of Physics, Broida Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA ; RoboNet.
Dominik, M.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; Microlensing Network for the Detection of Small Terrestrial Exoplanets (MiNDSTEp) ; SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK ; RoboNet. ; Royal Society University Research Fellow.
Sumi, T.; Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA) ; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Szymański, M. K.; Optical Gravitational Lens Experiment (OGLE) ; Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
Han, C.; Microlensing Follow Up Network (μFUN) ; Department of Physics, Institute for Basic Science Research, Chungbuk National University, Chongju 361-763, Korea
Hoffman, M.; SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK ; RoboNet.
Jablonski, F.; European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, Chile
Kane, S. R.; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Kains, N.; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > Service d'Informations médico économiques (SIME) - Service facturation
Kubas, D.; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
Marquette, J-B; Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
Martin, Rosa ; South African Astronomical Observatory, P.O. Box 9, Observatory 7935, South Africa
Martioli, E.; SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
Meintjes, P.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand
Menzies, J.; Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Allen, W.; Vintage Lane Observatory, Blenheim, New Zealand
Pedretti, E.; Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
Pollard, K.; Microlensing Network for the Detection of Small Terrestrial Exoplanets (MiNDSTEp) ; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (ZAH), Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Wambsganss, J.; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (ZAH), Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona Góra, Lubuska st. 2, 66-265 Zielona Góra, Poland
Watson, R.; School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
Williams, A.; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool CH41 1LD, UK
Zub, M.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
PLANET, Collaboration; Microlensing Network for the Detection of Small Terrestrial Exoplanets (MiNDSTEp) ; Deutsches SOFIA Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany ; SOFIA Science Center, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop N211-3, Moffett Field CA 94035, USA
Allan, A.; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool CH41 1LD, UK
Bolt, G.; Craigie Observatory, Perth, Australia
Bode, M. F.; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool CH41 1LD, UK
Bramich, D. M.; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope network, 6740 Cortona Drive, suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
Burgdorf, M. J.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
Clay, N.; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Fraser, S.; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope network, 6740 Cortona Drive, suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
Hawkins, E.; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool CH41 1LD, UK
Horne, K.; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope network, 6740 Cortona Drive, suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA ; School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
Kerins, E.; Microlensing Network for the Detection of Small Terrestrial Exoplanets (MiNDSTEp) ; European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, Chile ; Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max-Planck-Str. 2, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
Lister, T. A.; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool CH41 1LD, UK
Mottram, C.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope network, 6740 Cortona Drive, suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA ; Astronomy Unit, School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
Bos, M.; Molehill Astronomical Observatory, Auckland, New Zealand
Saunders, E. S.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 København Ø, Denmark ; Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Københavns Universitet, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 København Ø, Denmark
Snodgrass, C.; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (ZAH), Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Steele, I. A.; Università degli Studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Fisica "E. R. Caianiello," Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84085 Fisciano (SA), Italy ; INFN, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Sezione di Napoli, Italy ; Istituto Internazionale per gli Alti Studi Scientifici (IIASS), Via G. Pellegrino 19, 84019 Vietri sul Mare (SA), Italy
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Bozza, V.; Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Harpsøe, K.; Università degli Studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Fisica "E. R. Caianiello," Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84085 Fisciano (SA), Italy ; INFN, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Sezione di Napoli, Italy ; Istituto Internazionale per gli Alti Studi Scientifici (IIASS), Via G. Pellegrino 19, 84019 Vietri sul Mare (SA), Italy ; Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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Mancini, L.; Università degli Studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Fisica "E. R. Caianiello," Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84085 Fisciano (SA), Italy ; INFN, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Sezione di Napoli, Italy ; Istituto Internazionale per gli Alti Studi Scientifici (IIASS), Via G. Pellegrino 19, 84019 Vietri sul Mare (SA), Italy
Masi, G.; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
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Rahvar, S.; Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 København Ø, Denmark ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, 23806 Merate (LC), Italy
DePoy, D. L.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Southworth, J.
Surdej, Jean ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astroph. extragalactique et observations spatiales (AEOS)
Thöne, C. C.
MiNDSTEp, Consortium
Drummond, J.; Possum Observatory, Patutahi, New Zealand
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Maury, A.; Campo Catino Austral Observatory, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile
Maoz, D.; School of Physics and Astronomy and Wise Observatory, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Monard, L. A. G.; Bronberg Observatory, Centre for Backyard Astrophysics, Pretoria, South Africa
Moorhouse, D.; Kumeu Observatory, Kumeu, New Zealand
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Natusch, T.; AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Santallo, R.; Southern Stars Observatory, Faaa, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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Spector, O.; School of Physics and Astronomy and Wise Observatory, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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