The authors thank The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System for their preprint deposit authorization. The original publication can be found in the Astrophysical Journal.
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[en] We present the first measurement of the planet frequency beyond the "snow line," for the planet-to-star mass-ratio interval –4.5 < log q < –2, corresponding to the range of ice giants to gas giants. We find \endgraf\vbox{\begin{center}$\displaystyle{d^2 N{_{\rm pl}}\over d\log q\, d\log s} = (0.36\pm 0.15)\;{\rm dex}^{-2}$\end{center}}\noindentat the mean mass ratio q = 5 × 10 –4 with no discernible deviation from a flat (Öpik's law) distribution in log-projected separation s. The determination is based on a sample of six planets detected from intensive follow-up observations of high-magnification ( A>200) microlensing events during 2005-2008. The sampled host stars have a typical mass M host ~ 0.5 M sun
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Gould, A.; Microlensing Follow Up Network (μFUN) ; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Dong, Subo; Microlensing Follow Up Network (μFUN) ; Institute for Advanced Study, Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA ; RoboNet.
Gaudi, B. S.; Microlensing Follow Up Network (μFUN) ; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Bond, I. A.; Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA) ; Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102-904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
Greenhill, J.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; University of Tasmania, School of Mathematics and Physics, Private Bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
Street, R. A.; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope network, 6740 Cortona Drive, suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA ; Department of Physics, Broida Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA ; RoboNet.
Dominik, M.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; Microlensing Network for the Detection of Small Terrestrial Exoplanets (MiNDSTEp) ; SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK ; RoboNet. ; Royal Society University Research Fellow.
Sumi, T.; Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA) ; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Szymański, M. K.; Optical Gravitational Lens Experiment (OGLE) ; Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
Han, C.; Microlensing Follow Up Network (μFUN) ; Department of Physics, Institute for Basic Science Research, Chungbuk National University, Chongju 361-763, Korea
Hoffman, M.; SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK ; RoboNet.
Jablonski, F.; European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, Chile
Kane, S. R.; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Kains, N.; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > Service d'Informations médico économiques (SIME) - Service facturation
Kubas, D.; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
Marquette, J-B; Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
Martin, Rosa ; South African Astronomical Observatory, P.O. Box 9, Observatory 7935, South Africa
Martioli, E.; SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
Meintjes, P.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand
Menzies, J.; Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Allen, W.; Vintage Lane Observatory, Blenheim, New Zealand
Pedretti, E.; Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
Pollard, K.; Microlensing Network for the Detection of Small Terrestrial Exoplanets (MiNDSTEp) ; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (ZAH), Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Sahu, K. C.; University of Tasmania, School of Mathematics and Physics, Private Bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
Wambsganss, J.; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (ZAH), Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona Góra, Lubuska st. 2, 66-265 Zielona Góra, Poland
Watson, R.; School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
Williams, A.; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool CH41 1LD, UK
Zub, M.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
PLANET, Collaboration; Microlensing Network for the Detection of Small Terrestrial Exoplanets (MiNDSTEp) ; Deutsches SOFIA Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany ; SOFIA Science Center, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop N211-3, Moffett Field CA 94035, USA
Allan, A.; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool CH41 1LD, UK
Bolt, G.; Craigie Observatory, Perth, Australia
Bode, M. F.; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool CH41 1LD, UK
Bramich, D. M.; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope network, 6740 Cortona Drive, suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
Burgdorf, M. J.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
Clay, N.; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Fraser, S.; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope network, 6740 Cortona Drive, suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
Hawkins, E.; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool CH41 1LD, UK
Horne, K.; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope network, 6740 Cortona Drive, suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA ; School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
Kerins, E.; Microlensing Network for the Detection of Small Terrestrial Exoplanets (MiNDSTEp) ; European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, Chile ; Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max-Planck-Str. 2, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
Lister, T. A.; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool CH41 1LD, UK
Mottram, C.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope network, 6740 Cortona Drive, suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA ; Astronomy Unit, School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
Bos, M.; Molehill Astronomical Observatory, Auckland, New Zealand
Saunders, E. S.; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 København Ø, Denmark ; Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Københavns Universitet, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 København Ø, Denmark
Snodgrass, C.; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (ZAH), Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Steele, I. A.; Università degli Studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Fisica "E. R. Caianiello," Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84085 Fisciano (SA), Italy ; INFN, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Sezione di Napoli, Italy ; Istituto Internazionale per gli Alti Studi Scientifici (IIASS), Via G. Pellegrino 19, 84019 Vietri sul Mare (SA), Italy
Tsapras, Y.; Università degli Studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Fisica "E. R. Caianiello," Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84085 Fisciano (SA), Italy ; INFN, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Sezione di Napoli, Italy ; Istituto Internazionale per gli Alti Studi Scientifici (IIASS), Via G. Pellegrino 19, 84019 Vietri sul Mare (SA), Italy
RoboNet, Collaboration; Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
Jørgensen, U. G.; Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 København Ø, Denmark ; Armagh Observatory, College Hill, Armagh, BT61 9DG, UK
Bozza, V.; Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
Calchi Novati, S.; SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK ; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (ZAH), Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Harpsøe, K.; Università degli Studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Fisica "E. R. Caianiello," Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84085 Fisciano (SA), Italy ; INFN, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Sezione di Napoli, Italy ; Istituto Internazionale per gli Alti Studi Scientifici (IIASS), Via G. Pellegrino 19, 84019 Vietri sul Mare (SA), Italy ; Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
Christie, G. W.; Auckland Observatory, Auckland, New Zealand
Hinse, T. C.; Bellatrix Astronomical Observatory, Via Madonna de Loco 47, 03023 Ceccano (FR), Italy
Hundertmark, M.; Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
Kjærgaard, P.; Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran
Liebig, C.; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astroph. extragalactique et observations spatiales (AEOS)
Mancini, L.; Università degli Studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Fisica "E. R. Caianiello," Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84085 Fisciano (SA), Italy ; INFN, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Sezione di Napoli, Italy ; Istituto Internazionale per gli Alti Studi Scientifici (IIASS), Via G. Pellegrino 19, 84019 Vietri sul Mare (SA), Italy
Masi, G.; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
Mathiasen, M.; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astroph. extragalactique et observations spatiales (AEOS)
Rahvar, S.; Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 København Ø, Denmark ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, 23806 Merate (LC), Italy
DePoy, D. L.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Southworth, J.
Surdej, Jean ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astroph. extragalactique et observations spatiales (AEOS)
Thöne, C. C.
MiNDSTEp, Consortium
Drummond, J.; Possum Observatory, Patutahi, New Zealand
Eastman, J. D.; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Gal-Yam, A.; Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
Higgins, D.; Hunters Hill Observatory, Canberra, Australia
Janczak, J.; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Kaspi, S.; School of Physics and Astronomy and Wise Observatory, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel ; Department of Physics, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
Kozłowski, S.; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Lee, C-U; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejon 305-348, Korea
Mallia, F.; Campo Catino Austral Observatory, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile
Maury, A.; Campo Catino Austral Observatory, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile
Maoz, D.; School of Physics and Astronomy and Wise Observatory, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
McCormick, J.; Farm Cove Observatory, Centre for Backyard Astrophysics, Pakuranga, Auckland, New Zealand
Monard, L. A. G.; Bronberg Observatory, Centre for Backyard Astrophysics, Pretoria, South Africa
Moorhouse, D.; Kumeu Observatory, Kumeu, New Zealand
Morgan, N.; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Natusch, T.; AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
Ofek, E. O.; Palomar Observatory, CA, USA ; Einstein Fellow.
Park, B-G; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejon 305-348, Korea
Pogge, R. W.; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Polishook, D.; School of Physics and Astronomy and Wise Observatory, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
Santallo, R.; Southern Stars Observatory, Faaa, Tahiti, French Polynesia
Shporer, A.; School of Physics and Astronomy and Wise Observatory, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
Spector, O.; School of Physics and Astronomy and Wise Observatory, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
Thornley, G.; Kumeu Observatory, Kumeu, New Zealand
Yee, J. C.; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Kubiak, M.; Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland ; Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
Poleski, R.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
OGLE, Collaboration; Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) ; Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, 225 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
Abe, F.; Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Bennett, D. P.; Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Botzler, C. S.; Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Douchin, D.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Freeman, M.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Fukui, A.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand
Furusawa, K.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Hearnshaw, J. B.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Hosaka, S.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Itow, Y.; Mt. John Observatory, P.O. Box 56, Lake Tekapo 8780, New Zealand
Kamiya, K.; School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
Kilmartin, P. M.; Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102-904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
Korpela, A.; Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102-904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
Lin, W.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Ling, C. H.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Makita, S.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Masuda, K.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Matsubara, Y.; Department of Physics, Konan University, Nishiokamoto 8-9-1, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
Miyake, N.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Muraki, Y.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Nagaya, M.; Nagano National College of Technology, Nagano 381-8550, Japan
Nishimoto, K.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Ohnishi, K.; Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Okumura, T.; Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Perrott, Y. C.; Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand ; RoboNet.
Philpott, L.; Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Tokyo 116-8523, Japan
Rattenbury, N.; Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Saito, To; School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
Sako, T.; Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102-904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
Sullivan, D. J.; Mt. John Observatory, P.O. Box 56, Lake Tekapo 8780, New Zealand
Sweatman, W. L.; Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Tristram, P. J.; Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
von Seggern, E.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand
Yock, P. C. M.; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
MOA, Collaboration; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Albrow, M.; European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, Chile
Batista, V.; McDonald Observatory, 16120 St Hwy Spur 78 #2, Fort Davis, TX 79734, USA
Beaulieu, J. P.; Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
Brillant, S.; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Caldwell, J.; University of Tasmania, School of Mathematics and Physics, Private Bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
Calitz, J. J.; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551-0808, USA
Cassan, A.; CEA/Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
Cole, A.; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Cook, K.; Department of Physics, University of Rijeka, Omladinska 14, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Coutures, C.; Technische Universitaet Wien, Wieder Hauptst. 8-10, A-1040 Wienna, Austria
Dieters, S.; LATT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, France
Dominis Prester, D.; University of Tasmania, School of Mathematics and Physics, Private Bag 37, GPO Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
Donatowicz, J.; Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
Fouqué, P.; IRAP, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 14 avenue Edouard Belin 31400 Toulouse France
Hill, K.; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech, MS 100-22, 770 south Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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