Simulation of metal forming processes : Numerical aspects of contact and friction

During this presentation, two numerical methods for managing contact in large stresses/strains problems are described: the Lagrange Multipliers method (available in Cast3M - FE code used in LaCaN) and the penalty method (available in Metafor - FE code used at LTAS-MCT - University of Liège).
Contact algorithms can be divided into three steps.
The first one - the contact search - is purely geometric and answers the question: which nodes are currently in contact. Main problems and their solutions are discussed.
The computation of the normal force is the second step. Non-penetration conditions are applied on the contact nodes.
Finally, during the third step, a tangent force due to friction is applied when the nodes are sticking or sliding.
Methods are compared in details in the case of metal forming processes. The penalty method seems to be more efficient when a large number of contact nodes are involved during the simulation. The system to be solved is smaller, the convergence is faster and curved analytical surfaces can be easily used for the tools. However, a good penalty coefficient can sometimes be hard to find.
As a conclusion, numerical examples coming from Metafor are presented including skin-pass simulation, hydroforming of a tube and blade loss in a aeronautic engine.