Ahrens, U., Seemuller, E., Detection of DNA of plant pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms by a polymerase chain reaction that amplifies a sequence of the 16S rRNA gene (1992) Phytopathol, 82, pp. 828-832
Baric, S., Dalla-Via, J., A new approach to apple proliferation detection: A highly sensitive real-time PCR assay (2004) J. Microbiol. Methods, 57, pp. 135-145
Frisinghelli, C., Delaiti, L., Grando, M.S., Forti, D., Vindimian, M.E., Cacopsylla costalis (Flor 1861), as a vector of apple proliferation in Trentino (2000) J. Phytopathol, 148, pp. 425-431
Ginzinger, D.G., Gene quantification using real-time quantitative PCR: An emerging technology hits the mainstream (2002) Experimental Hematol, 30, pp. 503-512
Gundersen, D.E., Lee, I.M., Ultrasensitive detection of phytoplasmas by nested PCR assays using two universal primer pairs (1996) Phytopathol. Mediterr, 35, pp. 144-151
Hunt, M., (2005) Real-time PCR, , http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/pcrrealtime-home.htm, Accessed February 2006 at
Jarausch, W., Peccerella, T., Schwind, N., Jarausch, B., Krczal, G., Establishment of a quantitative real-time PCR assay for the quantification of apple proliferation phytoplasmas in plants and insects (2004) Acta Hort, 657, pp. 415-420
Jarausch, W., Saillard, C., Dosba, F., Bove', J.M., Differentiation of mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) in European fruit trees by PCR using specific primers derived from the sequence of a chromosomal fragment of the apple proliferation MLO (1994) Appl. Environm. Microbiol, 60, pp. 2916-2923
Jarausch, W., Saillard, C., Helliot, B., Garnier, M., Dosba, F., Genetic variability of apple proliferation phytoplasmas as determined by PCR-RFLP and sequencing of a non-ribosomal fragment (2000) Mol. Cell. Probes, 14, pp. 17-24
Jarausch, B., Schwind, N., Jarausch, W., Krczal, G., First report of Cacopsylla picta as a vector of apple proliferation phytoplasma in Germany (2003) Plant Dis, 87, p. 101
Keck, W.M., (2005) Guidelines for designing primers and probes using Primer Express, , http://keck.med.yale.edu/affymetrix/rtpcr/design.htm, Accessed February 2006 at
Kison, H., Schneider, B., Seemuller, E., Restriction fragment length polymorphisms within the apple proliferation mycoplasmalike organism (1994) J. Phytopathol, 141, pp. 395-401
Lee, I.M., Gundersen-Rindal, D.E., Davis, R.E., Bartoszyk, I.M., Revised classification scheme of phytoplasmas based on RFLP analyses of 16SrRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences (1998) Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol, 48, pp. 1153-1169
Lee, I.M., Hammond, R.W., Davis, R.E., Gundersen, D.E., Universal amplification and analysis of pathogen 16S rDNA for classification and identification of mycoplasmalike organisms (1993) Phytopathol, 83, pp. 834-842
Livak, K.J., Flood, S.J., Marmaro, J., Giusti, W., Deetz, K., Oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes at opposite ends provide a quenched probe system useful for detecting PCR product and nucleic acid hybridization (1995) PCR Methods Appl, 4, pp. 357-362
Loi, N., Carraro, L., Musetti, R., Pertot, I., Osler, R., Dodder transmission of two different MLOs from plum trees affected by "leptonecrosis (1995) Acta Hort, 386, pp. 465-470
Lorenz, K.H., Schneider, B., Ahrens, U., Seemuller, E., Detection of the apple proliferation and pear decline phytoplasmas by PCR amplification of ribosomal and nonribosomal DNA (1995) Phytopathol, 85, pp. 771-776
Marbot, S., Kummert, J., Salmon, M., Vendrame, M., Huwaert, A., Dutrecq, O., Lepoivre, P., Development of RT-PCR tests for the routine detection of latent and ILAR viruses in fruit trees (2002) Plant Protection Science, 38, pp. 21-23
Pfaffl, M.W., (2003) Quantitative mRNA Analytics in Molecular Endocrinology and Physiology, , http://www.gene-quantification.de/habilitation.html, Accessed at February 2006 at
Salmon, M.A., Vendrame, M., Kummert, J., Lepoivre, P., Rapid and homogenuous detection of Apple stem pitting virus by RT-PCR and a fluorogenic 3′ minor groove binder-DNA probe (2002) Eur. J. Plant Pathol, 108, pp. 755-762
Schneider, B., Gibb, K.S., Seemuller, E., Sequence and RFLP analysis of the elongation factor Th gene used in differentiation and classification of phytoplasmas (1997) Microbiol, 143, pp. 3381-3389
Seemuller, E., Kison, H., Lorenz, K.H., Schneider, B., Marcone, C., Smart, C.D., Kirkpatrick, B.C., (1998) Detection and identification of fruit tree phytoplasmas by PCR amplification of ribosomal and non ribosomal DNA, pp. 56-66. , C. Manceau, and J. Spak eds, New Technologies to improve Phytodiagnosis: Advances in the Detection of Plant Pathogens by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Office of the Official Publication of the European Community, Luxembourg
Smith, I.M., McNamara, D.G., Scott, P.R. and Harris, K.M. 1992. Apple proliferation MLO. In: Quarantine pests for Europe. CAB International, Wallingford, UK (Updated on February 15, 2006)
Tedeschi, R., Bosco, D., Alma, A., Population dynamics of Cacopsylla melanoneura (Homoptera: Psyllidae), as a vector of apple proliferation in north western Italy (2002) J. Econ. Entomol, 95, pp. 544-551
Torres, E., Bertolini, E., Cambra, M., Monton, C., Martin, M.P., Real-time PCR for simultaneous and quantitative detection of quarantine phytoplasmas from apple proliferation (16SrX) group (2005) Mol. Cell. Probes, 19, pp. 334-340
Zhang, Y., Uyemoto, J.K., Kirkpatrick, B.C., A small-scale procedure for extracting nucleic acids from woody plants infected with various phytopathogens for PCR assay (1998) J. Virol. Methods, 71, pp. 45-50
