autobiographical memory; social phobia; mémoire autobiographique; phobie sociale
Abstract :
[en] Previous studies failed to show clear differences between people with social phobia and non-anxious individuals regarding the specificity and affective intensity of their autobiographical memories for social events. However, these studies did not assess the subjective experience associated with remembering. In this study, people with social phobia and non-anxious control participants recalled social and non-social events, and rated the phenomenal characteristics of their memories. The memories of people with social phobia for social events contained fewer sensorial details but more self-referential information than controls memories. In addition, people with social phobia remembered social situations from an observer perspective, viewing themselves as if from outside, to a greater extent than controls. By contrast, the two groups did not differ concerning their memories for non-social events. These findings are discussed in relation to cognitive models of social phobia.
Disciplines :
Theoretical & cognitive psychology
Author, co-author :
D'Argembeau, Arnaud ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cognitives > Psychopathologie cognitive
Van der Linden, Martial ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cognitives > Psychopathologie cognitive
d'Acremont, Mathieu
Mayers, Isabelle
Language :
English
Title :
Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for social and non-social events in social phobia
Publication date :
July 2006
Journal title :
Memory
ISSN :
0965-8211
eISSN :
1464-0686
Publisher :
Psychology Press, Hove, United Kingdom
Volume :
14
Issue :
5
Pages :
637-647
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Commentary :
The original publication is available at www.taylorandfrancisgroup.com
American Psychiatric Association(1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). WashingtonDC: American Psychiatric Association.
Amir, N. and Foa, E. B. and Coles, M. E. (1998) Negative interpretation bias in social phobia Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, pp. 945-957.
Andrade, J. and Meudell, P. (1993) Is spatial information encoded automatically in memory? The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46A, pp. 365-375.
Beck, A. T. and Steer, R. A. and Brown, G. K.(1996) Manual for BDI-II. San Antonio TX: Psychological Corporation.
Becker, E. S. and Rinck, M. and Margraf, J. and Roth, W. T. (2001) The emotional Stroop effect in anxiety disorders: General emotionality or disorder specificity Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15, pp. 147-159.
Becker, E. S. and Roth, W. T. and Andrich, M. and Margraf, J. (1999) Explicit memory in anxiety disorders Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, pp. 153-163.
Breck, B. E. and Smith, S. H. (1983) Selective recall of self-descriptive traits by socially anxious and nonanxious females Social Behaviour and Personality, 11, pp. 71-76.
Brendle, J. R. and Wenzel, A. (2004) Differentiating between memory and interpretation biases in socially anxious and nonanxious individuals Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, pp. 155-171.
Brewin, C. R. (2001) A cognitive neuroscience account of posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, pp. 373-393.
Clark, D. M. and McManus, F. (2002) Information processing in social phobia Biological Psychiatry, 51, pp. 92-100.
Clark, D. M. and Wells, A.(1995) A cognitive model of social phobia. In Social phobia: Diagnostic, assessment and treatment. (pp. 69-93). New York: Guilford Press.
Cloitre, M. and Cancienne, J. and Heimberg, R. G. and Holt, C. S. and Liebowitz, M. (1995) Memory bias does not generalise across anxiety disorders Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, pp. 305-307.
Cohen, J.(1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences 2nd ed. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Coles, M. E. and Heimberg, R. G. (2002) Memory biases in the anxiety disorders: Current status Clinical Psychology Review, 22, pp. 587-627.
Coles, M. E. and Heimberg, R. G. (2005) Recognition bias for critical faces in social phobia: A replication and extension Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, pp. 109-120.
Coles, M. E. and Turk, C. L. and Heimberg, R. G. and Fresco, D. M. (2001) Effects of varying levels of anxiety within social situations: Relationship to memory perspective and attributions in social phobia Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, pp. 651-665.
Conway, M. A. (2001) Sensory-perceptual episodic memory and its context: Autobiographical memory Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 356, pp. 1375-1384.
Conway, M. A. and Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000) The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system Psychological Review, 107, pp. 261-288.
Conway, M. A. and Singer, J. A. and Tagini, A. (2004) The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence Social Cognition, 22, pp. 495-537.
D'Argembeau, A. and Van der Linden, M. (2004) Phenomenal characteristics associated with projecting oneself back into the past and forward into the future: Influence of valence and temporal distance Consciousness and Cognition, 13, pp. 844-858.
D'Argembeau, A. and Van der Linden, M. and Etienne, A-M. and Comblain, C. (2003) Identity and expression memory for happy and angry faces in social anxiety Acta Psychologica, 114, pp. 1-15.
Ellis, N. R. (1990) Is memory for spatial location automatically encoded? Memory & Cognition, 18, pp. 584-592.
Field, A. P. and Psychol, C. and Morgan, J. (2004) Post-event processing and the retrieval of autobiographical memories in socially anxious individuals Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, pp. 647-663.
Foa, E. B. and Franklin, M. E. and Perry, K. J. and Herbert, J. D. (1996) Cognitive biases in generalised social phobia Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, pp. 433-439.
Foa, E. B. and Gilboa-Schechtman, E. and Amir, N. and Freshman, M. (2000) Memory bias in generalised social phobia: Remembering negative emotional expressions Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5, pp. 501-519.
Hackmann, A. and Clark, D. M. and McManus, F. (2000) Recurrent images and early memories in social phobia Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, pp. 601-610.
Hackmann, A. and Surawy, C. and Clark, D. M. (1998) Seeing yourself through other's eyes: A study of spontaneously occurring images in social phobia Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26, pp. 3-12.
Hasher, L. and Zacks, R. T. (1979) Automatic and effortful processes in memory Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, pp. 356-388.
Heinrichs, N. and Hofmann, S. G. (2001) Information processing in social phobia: A critical review Clinical Psychology Review, 21, pp. 751-770.
Hirsch, C. R. and Clark, D. M. and Mathews, A. and Williams, R. (2003) Self-images play a causal role in social phobia Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, pp. 909-921.
Hirsch, C. R. and Meynen, T. and Clark, D. M. (2004) Negative self-imagery in social anxiety contaminates social interactions Memory, 12, pp. 496-506.
Hope, D. A. and Rapee, R. M. and Heimberg, R. G. and Dombeck, M. J. (1990) Representations of the self in social phobia: Vulnerability to social threat Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, pp. 177-189.
Johnson, M. K. and Chalfonte, B. L.(1994) Binding complex memories: The role of reactivation and the hippocampus. In Memory systems. (pp. 311-350). Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Johnson, M. K. and Foley, M. A. and Suengas, A. G. and Raye, C. L. (1988) Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, pp. 371-376.
Johnson, M. K. and Hashtroudi, S. and Lindsay, D. S. (1993) Source monitoring Psychological Bulletin, 114, pp. 3-28.
Kessler, R. C. and Stang, P. and Wittchen, H-U. and Stein, M. B. and Walters, E. E. (1999) Lifetime comorbidities between social phobia and mood disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey Psychological Medicine, 29, pp. 555-567.
Lecrubier, Y., Weiller, E., Bonora, L. I., Amorin, P., & Lépine, J-P.(1994). French adaptation of the Mini International Neuro-psychiatric Interview (MINI 4.4). Internal report, Unité INSERM 302, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris, France.
Lucock, M. P. and Salkovskis, P. M. (1988) Cognitive factors in social anxiety and its treatment Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, pp. 297-302.
Lundh, L-G. and Öst, L-G. (1996) Recognition bias for critical faces in people with social phobia Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, pp. 787-794.
Mansell, W. and Clark, D. M. (1999) How do I appear to others? Social anxiety and processing of the observable self Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, pp. 419-434.
Miller, G. A. and Chapman, J. P. (2001) Misunderstanding analysis of covariance Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, pp. 40-48.
Musa, C. and Lépine, J-P. and Clark, D. M. and Mansell, W. and Ehlers, A. (2003) Selective attention in social phobia and the moderating effect of a concurrent depressive disorder Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, pp. 1043-1054.
Nigro, G. and Neisser, U. (1983) Point of view in personal memories Cognitive Psychology, 15, pp. 467-482.
O'Banion, K. and Arkowitz, H. (1977) Social anxiety and selective memory for affective information about the self Social Behaviour and Personality, 5, pp. 321-328.
Pérez-Lopez, J. R. and Woody, S. R. (2001) Memory for facial expressions in social phobia Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, pp. 967-975.
Rachman, S. and Grüter-Andrew, J. and Shafran, R. (2000) Post-event processing in social anxiety Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, pp. 611-617.
Rapee, R. M. and Heimberg, R. G. (1997) A cognitive-behavioural model of anxiety in social phobia Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, pp. 741-756.
Rapee, R. M. and McCallum, S. L. and Melville, L. F. and Ravenscroft, H. and Rodney, J. M. (1994) Memory bias in social phobia Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, pp. 89-99.
Rosnow, R. L. and Rosenthal, R. and Rubin, D. B. (2000) Contrasts and correlations in effect-size estimation Psychological Science, 11, pp. 446-453.
Rubin, D. C. and Schrauf, R. W. and Greenberg, D. L. (2003) Belief and recollection of autobiographical memories Memory & Cognition, 31, pp. 887-901.
Sanz, J. (1996) Memory biases in social anxiety and depression Cognition and Emotion, 10, pp. 87-105.
Sheehan, D. V. and Lecrubier, Y. and Harnett-Sheehan, K. and Amorin, P. and Janavs, J. and Weiller, E. and (1998) The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10 Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(suppl. 20), pp. 22-33.
Spurr, J. M. and Stopa, L. (2003) The observer perspective: Effects on social anxiety and performance Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, pp. 1009-1028.
Stein, M. B. and Fuetsch, M. and Muller, N. and Höfler, M. and Lieb, R. and Wittchen, H-U. (2001) Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression: A prospective community study of adolescents and young adults Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, pp. 251-256.
Stopa, L. and Clark, D. M. (2000) Social phobia and interpretation of social events Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, pp. 273-283.
Suengas, A. G. and Johnson, M. K. (1988) Qualitative effects of rehearsal on memories for perceived and imagined complex events Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, pp. 377 - 389.
Watson, D. and Friend, R. (1969) Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, pp. 448-457.
Wells, A. and Clark, D. M. and Ahmad, S. (1998) How do I look with my mind's eye: Perspective taking in social phobic imagery Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, pp. 631-634.
Wells, A. and Papageorgiou, C. (1999) The observer perspective: Biased imagery in social phobia, agoraphobia, and blood/injury phobia Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, pp. 653-658.
Wenzel, A. and Jackson, L. C. and Holt, C. S. (2002) Social phobia and the recall of autobiographical memories Depression and Anxiety, 15, pp. 186-189.
Wenzel, A. and Werner, M. M. and Cochran, C. K. and Holt, C. S. (2004) A differential pattern of autobiographical memory retrieval in social phobic and nonanxious individuals Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 32, pp. 1-13.
Wheeler, M. A. and Stuss, D. T. and Tulving, E. (1997) Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness Psychological Bulletin, 121, pp. 331-354.
Wilson, J. K. and Rapee, R. M. (2005) The interpretation of negative social events in social phobia with versus without comorbid mood disorder Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, pp. 245-274.
