Geophysics; Atmospheric Science; Space and Planetary Science; Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract :
[en] In the U.S., emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants are often developed independently. Here, we describe the GReenhouse gas And Air Pollutants Emissions System (GRA2PES), which provides gridded emissions of fossil-fuel carbon dioxide (ffCO2) and 93 air quality (AQ) species for 17 combustion and non-combustion sectors at 4 km × 4 km spatial resolution across the contiguous US. We find that the AQ emissions most spatially correlated with ffCO2 are nitrogen oxides (NOx, ρ = 0.67), followed by sulfur dioxide (SO2, ρ = 0.51), carbon monoxide (CO, ρ = 0.44), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5, ρ = 0.38). We evaluate GRA2PES ffCO2 emissions with an ensemble of publicly available regional and global inventories at national (Normalized Mean Bias (NMB) = +1.4%), state (NMB = +1.5%, R2 = 0.98), and urban (NMB = +11.5%, R2 = 0.97) scales. Nationally, the differences of publicly available inventories from the ensemble average range from −10.0% to +5.7%, and consistency diverges at state and urban scales. We simulate GRA2PES ffCO2 in a particle dispersion model and compare to measurements of radiocarbon (14C)-derived ffCO2 collected in Los Angeles (August 2021), with results suggesting that GRA2PES ffCO2 may be low by 19% for this city, but well within model-observation differences for other publicly available inventories (−43% to +94%). GRA2PES AQ/ffCO2 ratios converted to concentration space generally agree with field observations (NMB = +4%, log R2 = 0.90). Lastly, we present a method by which to utilize GRA2PES to derive AQ emission fluxes from ffCO2 emissions.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Lyu, Congmeng ; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States ; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
Harkins, Colin ; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States ; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
Li, Meng ; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States ; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
Mueller, Kimberly ; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, United States
Prothero, Jack; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, United States
Verreyken, Bert ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges (BIODYNE) ; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States ; Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
Miller, John B. ; NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, United States
Lehman, Scott J. ; Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
Peischl, Jeff ; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States ; NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, United States
Gilman, Jessica B. ; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States
Warneke, Carsten ; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States
Coggon, Matthew M. ; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States
Stockwell, Chelsea E. ; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States
Brown, Steven S. ; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States
Zuraski, Kristen; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States ; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
Lamplugh, Aaron; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States ; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States ; Now at: Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, United States
Gurney, Kevin R. ; School of Informatics, Computing and Cybersystems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, United States
Gawuc, Lech ; School of Informatics, Computing and Cybersystems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, United States
Dass, Pawlok; School of Informatics, Computing and Cybersystems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, United States
Hoesly, Rachel M. ; U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, United States
Smith, Steven J. ; U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, United States
Oda, Tomohiro ; Earth from Space Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Washington, United States ; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
Hutyra, Lucy R.; Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, United States
Gately, Conor K.; Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, United States ; Now at: Metropolitan Area Planning Council, Boston, United States
Granier, Claire ; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States ; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States ; Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
Whetstone, James R.; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, United States
McDonald, Brian C. ; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States
We acknowledge support from the NOAA Cooperative Agreement (NA22OAR4320151). We thank Dr. Vincent Camobreco (US EPA) for helpful discussions on the US GHGI and energy data sets. We recognize the efforts made in obtaining the measurements during the SUNVEx field campaign, https://csl.noaa.gov/projects/sunvex/. We also thank staff at NOAA's Global Monitoring Laboratory (Eric Moglia, Jack Higgs, and Monica Madronich) for technical and logistical work on radiocarbon air sampling and staff at the University of Colorado, Boulder Radiocarbon Laboratory (Chad Wolak, Patrick Cappa, and Stephen Morgan) for preparation of radiocarbon samples. We acknowledge support from PECASE award (B. McDonald) for supporting the PFP measurements during SUNVEx. TO is supported by the NASA grants: 80NSSC21K1929 and 80NSSC25K7212. We thank NIST for hosting the GRA2PES data, https://doi.org/10.18434/mds2-3520.We acknowledge support from the NOAA Cooperative Agreement (NA22OAR4320151). We thank Dr. Vincent Camobreco (US EPA) for helpful discussions on the US GHGI and energy data sets. We recognize the efforts made in obtaining the measurements during the SUNVEx field campaign, https://csl.noaa.gov/projects/sunvex/ . We also thank staff at NOAA's Global Monitoring Laboratory (Eric Moglia, Jack Higgs, and Monica Madronich) for technical and logistical work on radiocarbon air sampling and staff at the University of Colorado, Boulder Radiocarbon Laboratory (Chad Wolak, Patrick Cappa, and Stephen Morgan) for preparation of radiocarbon samples. We acknowledge support from PECASE award (B. McDonald) for supporting the PFP measurements during SUNVEx. TO is supported by the NASA grants: 80NSSC21K1929 and 80NSSC25K7212. We thank NIST for hosting the GRAPES data, https://doi.org/10.18434/mds2\u20103520 .
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