[en] This study presents results from an Intensive Measurement Period (IMP2022) conducted during the European heatwave of July 2022, focusing on ozone, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbonaceous aerosols at 31 sites across Europe. The episode featured persistent high-pressure systems, record-breaking temperatures, widespread ozone exceedances and concurrent atmospheric new particle formation and growth events. Coordinated measurements and chemistry transport modelling were used to examine the spatial variability of ozone, VOC composition, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation under extreme meteorological conditions. Oxygenated VOCs (O-VOCs) constituted the largest fraction of total measured VOC mixing ratios, followed by non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and aromatics, with contributions from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Sensitivity simulations indicate that ozone formation was predominantly NOx-limited across most regions during IMP2022. However, the highest ozone peaks occurred under conditions of elevated NOx in combination with enhanced BVOC emissions. In contrast, SOA formation was slightly enhanced under low-NOx conditions and reduced in elevated NOx. Isoprene, aliphatic NMHCs, and O-VOCs dominated the ozone formation potential, while aromatics and monoterpenes were major contributors to SOA potential. Model simulations indicated that higher NOx concentrations can reduce SOA formation by about 10 %. The campaign also highlighted observational gaps underscoring the need for broader and higher-resolution VOC monitoring across Europe. Overall, further reductions in NOx emissions, alongside targeted control of key anthropogenic VOCs, would benefit air quality under future climate extremes.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Aas, Wenche ; NILU, Kjeller, Norway
Salameh, Thérèse ; IMT Nord-Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
Wegener, Robert ; Institute of Climate and Energy Systems (ICE-3): Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
Hellén, Heidi ; Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland
Roldin, Pontus; Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Alonso-Blanco, Elisabeth; Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
Alastuey, Andres ; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
Amelynck, Crist; Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Uccle, Belgium ; University of Ghent, Department of Chemistry, Ghent, Belgium
Arduini, Jgor ; Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate (ISAC-CNR), Bologna, Italy ; University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
Bergmans, Benjamin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > HEC Liège : UER > UER Opérations ; ISSeP – Institut Scientifique de Service Public, Liège, Belgium
Bertrand, Marie; Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), CNRS, OPGC/LaMP, Aubière, France
Borbon, Agnes; Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), CNRS, OPGC/LaMP, Aubière, France
Bourtsoukidis, Efstratios ; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute (CyI), Nicosia, Cyprus
Bouvier, Laetitia; Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), CNRS, OPGC/LaMP, Aubière, France
Butterfield, David; National Physical Laboratory (NPL), London, United Kingdom
Buxbaum, Iris; Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, Austria
Ceburnis, Darius; School of Natural Sciences, Physics, Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
Claude, Anja; Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Hohenpeißenberg, Germany
Colette, Augustin ; Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
Colomb, Aurélie; Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), CNRS, OPGC/LaMP, Aubière, France
Darfeuil, Sophie ; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
Dernie, James; Ricardo Energy & Environment, Harwell, United Kingdom
Desservettaz, Maximilien ; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute (CyI), Nicosia, Cyprus
Díaz-Ramiro, Elías ; Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
Dufresne, Marvin ; IMT Nord-Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
Dubus, René; Institute of Climate and Energy Systems (ICE-3): Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
Duval, Mario; Atmo Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, Bron, France
Dury, Marie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Modélisation du climat et des cycles biogéochimiques ; ISSeP – Institut Scientifique de Service Public, Liège, Belgium
Font, Anna; IMT Nord-Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
Fossum, Kirsten N. ; School of Natural Sciences, Physics, Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
Ovadnevaite, Jurgita ; School of Natural Sciences, Physics, Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
Petäjä, Tuukka ; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; ACTRIS ERIC, Helsinki, Finland
Portillo-Estrada, Miguel; PLECO, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
Přívozníková, Jitka; Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Prague, Czech Republic
Putaud, Jean-Philippe; European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
Reimann, Stefan ; Laboratory for Air Pollution / Environmental Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Renzi, Laura ; Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate (ISAC-CNR), Bologna, Italy
Riffault, Veronique ; IMT Nord-Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
Ritchie, Stuart; Ricardo Energy & Environment, Harwell, United Kingdom
Robins, Chris; National Physical Laboratory (NPL), London, United Kingdom
de Torres, Begoña Artíñano Rodríguez; Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
Poulain, Laurent ; Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
Sanocka, Agnieszka; Ricardo Energy & Environment, Harwell, United Kingdom
de Camara Oleaga, Estibaliz Saez; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
Schoon, Niels; Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Uccle, Belgium
Seco, Roger ; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
Simmons, Ivan; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Penicuik, United Kingdom
Simon, Leïla ; Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat de l’Environnement (LSCE-IPSL), UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Simpson, David ; Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MET Norway), Oslo, Norway
Solberg, Sverre; NILU, Kjeller, Norway
Tison, Emmanuel; IMT Nord-Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
Thomasson, August ; Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Tsyro, Svetlana ; Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MET Norway), Oslo, Norway
Twigg, Marsailidh ; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Penicuik, United Kingdom
Tykkä, Toni; Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland
Verreyken, Bert ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges (BIODYNE) ; Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Uccle, Belgium
Watne, Ågot; IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden
Williams, Katie; National Physical Laboratory (NPL), London, United Kingdom
Yáñez-Serrano, Ana Maria; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain ; Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain ; Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
Yeung, Karen; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Penicuik, United Kingdom
Ylivinkka, Ilona ; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
We gratefully acknowledge the European Solvents Industry Group (ESIG) for supporting this intensive measurement period, with special thanks to Cornelia Tietz and Norbert Hannig for their commitment. The ADCHEM modelling work was supported by the Swedish Strategic Research Area Modelling the Regional and Global Earth system (MERGE) and the Lund University Faculty of Engineering Profile Area AEROSOLS. This work also benefited from the collaborative efforts of numerous colleagues across participating countries, both during the planning phase and the operational work. Their cooperation and dedication are sincerely appreciated, particularly within the EMEP measurement community and the ACTRIS National Facilities responsible for daily operations. ACTRIS CiGas provided valuable guidance on VOC measurement protocols and quality assurance. ERA5 reanalysis data were provided by ECMWF. We used ChatGPT 5.1 to condense and improve the language of specific sections during the review process of this paper. We thank all three reviewers for their thorough and constructive evaluations, which significantly improved the manuscript. Work by CCC (NILU) and MSC-W (MET Norway) is supported by the EMEP Trust Fund. The European Solvents Industry Group (ESIG) financed several VOC and OA analyses. The centralized analyses of OA tracers on AirOSol analytical plateau at IGE benefit from the work within the ANR-ABS program in France (grant no. ANR-21-CE01-0021-01). The ADCHEM modelling work is part of the PAREMPI Horizon Europe project (grant no. GA 101096133). The ADCHEM simulations were enabled by resources provided by LUNARC, The Centre for Scientific and Technical Computing at Lund University and by the National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputing in Sweden (NAISS), partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant no. 2022-06725. ACTRIS received support from the European Commission through several projects from FP6 to H2020, including ACTRIS-PPP (grant no. GA 739530) and ACTRIS-IMP (grant no. GA 871115). Routine measurements at the participating sites are supported by national environmental agencies and research funding bodies, which provide the essential basis for this work. In Germany, ACTRIS implementation and operation are supported by the Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space (BMFTR) and the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Climate Action, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMUKN). ATOLL measurements have been supported by the Labex CaPPA project (grant no. ANR-11-LABX-0005-01; funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) through the PIA (Programme d\u2019Investissement d\u2019Avenir)), the CDP AREA project (grant no. R-CDP-24-003-AREA; funded by the French State under the France-2030 programme and the Initiative of Excellence of the University of Lille), the CLIMIBIO and ECRIN projects, all financed by the Regional Council \u201CHauts-de-France\u201D and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) Measurements at Birkenes was supported by the Norwegian Environmental Agency. Measurements taken at the Madrid urban site were supported by the OASIS (grant no. PID2021-127885OB-I00) and HYNU-CLIM (grant no. PID2024-161276OA-I00) projects, which are funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the \u201CERDF A way of making Europe\u201D. This research also received support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n (project AIRPHONEMA (grant no. PID2022-142160OBI00 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER EU), and by Generalitat de Catalunya (D. G. Canvi Climatic I Qualitat Ambiental and AGAUR, grant no. 2021 SGR47). UK datasets were funded by UK Environment Agency air quality networks. Auchencorth Moss is partially supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), through the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH) National Capability for UK Challenges Programme (grant no. NE/Y006208/1). Swiss measurements at Z\u00FCrich Kaserne and at Berom\u00FCnster are funded by the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) through the NABEL air pollution measurement network. In addition, funding from ACTRIS-CH is acknowledged. Measurements at SMEAR II in Hyyti\u00E4l\u00E4, Finland were supported by Research Council Finland (grant no. 358647). Measurements at Vielsalm were supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office through the ACTRIS-BE (grant no. FSIRI/00/AC1) and ACTRIS-2BE (grant no. EF/241/ACTRIS2BE) projects and the BERTRAC research profile (grant no. Prf-2021034_BERTRAC#2).
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