starch; additive manufacturing; hydrogels; 3D printing; biopolymers; drug delivery; biosensors; conductive hydrogel
Abstract :
[en] The development of sustainable materials for additive manufacturing (AM) has positioned starch as a compelling alternative to conventional thermoplastics. However, the successful implementation of starch in 3D printing (3DP) relies on precise control of its supramolecular organization, rheological behavior, and processing conditions. This article analyzes starch-based hydrogels for extrusion-driven AM, establishing explicit links between molecular architecture, gelatinization, and viscoelastic performance. The influence of key rheological parameters on extrudability and shape fidelity is examined in parallel with critical processing conditions. Chemical and physical modification routes of starch are compared in terms of their structural impact and printability enhancement. The integration of additives such as polysaccharides, proteins, and inorganic salts is discussed as a strategy to overcome intrinsic mechanical limitation. Emerging non-food application in drug delivery, tissue engineering, or conductive/intelligent hydrogels demonstrates the expanding technological relevance of starch-based formulation. Remaining challenges include predictive, rheology-based design, and the development of multifunctional 4D-printing capabilities. Progress in this field is crucial for positioning starch as a robust platform for sustainable AM, but, despite this progress, a systematic and quantitative framework linking starch molecular architecture and rheological behavior to printing-process parameters and outcomes is still lacking, thus constituting the central gap addressed in this review.
Research Center/Unit :
Laboratoire de Biomasse et Technologie Vertes
Disciplines :
Materials science & engineering
Author, co-author :
De Roover, Quentin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Chemistry for Sustainable Food and Environmental Systems (CSFES)
Zhu, Shunshun ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre ; Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, China
Richel, Aurore ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Chemistry for Sustainable Food and Environmental Systems (CSFES)
Language :
English
Title :
Engineering Starch for Non-Food Additive Manufacturing: Properties, Printability, and Emerging Uses
Publication date :
25 August 2026
Journal title :
Applied Sciences
eISSN :
2076-3417
Publisher :
MDPI AG
Volume :
16
Issue :
17
Pages :
8446
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Development Goals :
9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure 12. Responsible consumption and production
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