3D reconstruction; Cave entrance; Geomorphology; Karst; Landscape evolution; Middle Palaeolithic; Neanderthal; Cave system; Homo neanderthalensis; Landscape evolutions; Middle paleolithic; Neanderthals; Rockfalls; U-series dating; Global and Planetary Change; Archeology (arts and humanities); Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics; Archeology; Geology
Abstract :
[en] The cave of Bruniquel, discovered by cavers in 1990, contains the oldest evidence of deep cave use by early Homo neanderthalensis . The discovery and dating of speleothem-based structures and fireplaces demonstrated their ability to investigate the deep subterranean environment in a structured way (Jaubert et al., 2016). The cave has been closed by a succession of rockfalls, flowstone layers and scree cone deposits, which led to the preservation of multiple traces of human and animal activity inside the cave. We studied the cave entrance evolution through a multidisciplinary integrated geomorphological approach, combining 3D surveys inside and outside the cave system, high-resolution geomorphological mapping, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), and U-series dating. The combination of stratigraphic surveys and U-series dating allowed us to date the closure of the cave to before 142.9 ± 1.3 ka, before the Last Interglacial, thus independently confirming the age of the speleothem structures and of the other traces observed on the cave floor. The proposed virtual 3D reconstruction of the palaeo-cave entrance at the beginning of MIS 6, suggests an entrance less than 2 m high, implying that the space behind the entrance was rapidly dark. This work highlights the central importance of understanding the evolution of cave entrances for constraining the timing and the modalities of use of cave systems and provides a new palaeogeographic framework for future studies of the cave's occupation by early Homo neanderthalensis .
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Génuite, K.; UMR, PACEA, 5199, Université de Bordeaux, France
Verheyden, Sophie; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, IRSNB, Bruxelles, Belgium
Camus, H.; Protée, Garons, France ; UMR 7269 LAMPEA, MMSH, Aix-en-Provence, France
Burlet, Christian ; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, IRSNB, Bruxelles, Belgium
Boudadi-Maligne, M. ; UMR, PACEA, 5199, Université de Bordeaux, France
Bruxelles, L. ; UMR 5608 TRACES, Université Toulouse jean Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, Toulouse, France
Cheng, H.; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an-Jiaoton University, Building n°19, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, China
Cochard, D.; UMR, PACEA, 5199, Université de Bordeaux, France
Delaby, S.; UNESCO Global Geopark Famenne-Ardenne, Belgium
Fabre, E.; Laval, France
Ferrier, C.; UMR, PACEA, 5199, Université de Bordeaux, France
Lézin, C. ; UMR 5563 Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
Ledoux, L.; UMR, PACEA, 5199, Université de Bordeaux, France
Medina-Alcaide, M.-A.; University of Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain
Mora, P.; UMR 6034 Archéosciences Bordeaux, Maison de l’archéologie Bordeaux Montaigne University, Pessac, France
Muth, X. ; Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie et de Gestion du Canton de Vaud Route de Cheseaux 1, CH. HEIG-VD, Switzerland
Pélissié, T.; UMR 5563 Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
Soulier, D.; Mangrove speleological association, Caussade, France
Xue, J.; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an-Jiaoton University, Building n°19, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, China
Jaubert, J.; UMR, PACEA, 5199, Université de Bordeaux, France
FWO - Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen Université de Bordeaux BELSPO - Belgian Federal Science Policy Office
Funding text :
We dedicate this work to Michel Soulier who was the heart of the team of Bruniquel, and led the fieldwork during the last 10 years, with J. Jaubert and S. Verheyden. We would like to thank the French Ministry of Culture for allowing this research to be made through the Op\u00E9ration d\u2019Arch\u00E9ologie Programm\u00E9e (OAP) Bruniquel (dir. J. Jaubert, S. Verheyden), as well as the Belgian Science Policy Office for the bugdet necessary for the datings. We also thank FWO for the financing of fieldwork (grant K208822N \u2013 2022). We also thank Soraya Bengattat for help during fieldwork, and the two anonymous reviewers that helped us to improve the content of this work. This work was performed through the scientific framework of the University of Bordeaux's IdEx\u00A0\u00AB\u00A0Investment for the Future\u00A0\u00BB\u00A0program/GPR\u00A0\u00AB\u00A0Human Past \u00BB, and the postdoctoral grant\u00A0\u00AB\u00A0Prehistoric ichnology and understanding of the undergound caves \u00BB. Giorgia Stasi, geologist of the Geological Survey of Belgium, is warmly thanked for the borrowing of the ERT instrumentation.
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Sadier, B., 2013. 3D et geomorphologie karstique : La grotte Chauvet et les cavites des Gorges de l’Ardeche 478.
Sadier, B., Delannoy, J.-J., Benedetti, L., Bourles, D.L., Jaillet, S., Geneste, J.-M., Lebatard, A.-E., Arnold, M., 2012. Further constraints on the Chauvet cave artwork elaboration. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109, 8002-8006. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118593109
Torrese, P., Rainone, M.L., Signanini, P., Greco, P., Colantonio, F., Porel, G., Nauleau, B., Paquet, D., Mari, J.-L., 2014. 3D ERT imaging of the fractured karst aquifer underlying the experimental site of Poitiers (France): comparing wenner-schlumberger, pole-dipole and hybrid arrays. Presented at the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2014. https://doi.org/10.4133/SAGEEP.27-178
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Verheyden, S., Jaubert, J., Genty, D., Soulier, M., Burlet, C., Camus, H., Cheng, H., Delaby, S., Deldicque, D., Edwards, R.L., Fage, L.-H., Ferrier, C., Lacrampe-Cuyaubere, F., Leblanc, J.-C., Leveque, F., Lezin, C., Maksud, F., Mora, P., Muth, X., Pelissie, T., Regnier, E., Rouzaud, J.-N., Santos, F., Soulier, D., 2017. Grotte de Bruniquel (Tarn-et-Garonne, France) : elements de datation complementaires. KARSTOLOGIA.
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Wiesmann, S., Steiner, L., Pozzi, M., Bozzini, C., Bauder, A., Hurni, L., 2012. Reconstructing Historic Glacier States Based on Terrestrial Oblique Photographs 14.
Wilmsen, E.N., 1973. Interaction, Spacing Behavior, and the Organization of Hunting Bands. Journal of Anthropological Research 29, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.29.1.3629622
Wilson, P., 2017. Periglacial and Paraglacial Processes, Landforms and Sediments, in: Coxon, P., McCarron, S., Mitchell, F. (Eds.), Advances in Irish Quaternary Studies. Atlantis Press, Paris, pp. 217-254. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-219-9_8
Zhang, W., Qi, J., Wan, P., Wang, H., Xie, D., Wang, X., Yan, G., 2016. An Easy-to-Use Airborne LiDAR Data Filtering Method Based on Cloth Simulation. Remote Sensing 8, 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060501
