Fixed and Fluid: The Two Faces of Gender Roles-A Combined Study of Activity Patterns and Burial Practices in the European Neolithic.

Villotte, Sébastien; Szeniczey, Tamás; Kacki, Sacha; Anders, Alexandra

doi:10.1002/ajpa.70217

Article (Scientific journals)

Fixed and Fluid: The Two Faces of Gender Roles-A Combined Study of Activity Patterns and Burial Practices in the European Neolithic.

Villotte, Sébastien; Szeniczey, Tamás; Kacki, Sacha et al.

2026 • In American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 189 (2), p. 70217

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https://hdl.handle.net/2268/349028

DOI
10.1002/ajpa.70217

PubMed
41693453

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Keywords :

Polgár microregion; humeral enthesopathies; kneeling posture; social identity; spondylolysis; Humans; Male; Female; History, Ancient; Hungary; Adult; Bone and Bones/pathology; Burial/history; Gender Identity; Anthropology, Physical; Burial; Anatomy; Anthropology

Abstract :

[en] [en] OBJECTIVES: This study investigates gender roles in the European Neolithic by analyzing activity-related skeletal changes (ARSCs) and burial practices at two Polgár microregion sites in Hungary: Polgár-Ferenci-hát (5300-5070 cal. bce) and Polgár-Csőszhalom (4800-4650 cal. bce). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 125 well-preserved adult skeletons were included in the study. Types of ARSCs examined include spondylolysis (overall workload), humeral enthesopathies (unilateral upper-limb overuse), and metatarsal facets (habitual postures). Burial positions and grave goods were analyzed to assess sex-based differences in burial practices. RESULTS: Polgár-Ferenci-hát exhibited no clear differences in burial treatment between the sexes, while Polgár-Csőszhalom displayed marked sex-related distinctions in burial practices. Individuals at Polgár-Csőszhalom bore greater physical workloads than those at Polgár-Ferenci-hát, though no consistent sex-based differences in lesions emerged. Males at both sites demonstrated recurrent right upper limb overuse, aligning with broader prehistoric European trends. At Polgár-Csőszhalom, nine males and one female buried with male-associated items also exhibited metatarsal facets, linking sex-associated activity, posture, and social identity. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that society at Csőszhalom was structured around gendered roles, yet allowed for individual variation. While the limited number of individuals and the inherent uncertainty in interpreting activity markers call for caution, this study enhances our understanding of prehistoric social organization by revealing both recurring sex-related patterns of behavior and local flexibility in the expression of gender roles.

Disciplines :

Archaeology

Author, co-author :

Villotte, Sébastien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences historiques ; UMR7206 Éco-Anthropologie, CNRS, MNHN, Université Paris Cité. Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France ; Quaternary Environments & Humans, OD Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium

Szeniczey, Tamás ; Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

Kacki, Sacha ; UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, Bordeaux, France ; Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK

Anders, Alexandra ; Department of Archaeometry, Archaeological Heritage and Methodology, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

Language :

English

Title :

Fixed and Fluid: The Two Faces of Gender Roles-A Combined Study of Activity Patterns and Burial Practices in the European Neolithic.

Publication date :

February 2026

Journal title :

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

eISSN :

2692-7691

Publisher :

John Wiley and Sons Inc, United States

Volume :

189

Issue :

Pages :

e70217

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ajpa.70217

Funders :

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Funding text :

This work was partly funded by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, \u00C9cologie & Environnement): IRP (International Research Project) CONSENSUS \u201Crecording activity-related changes and health indicators on the human skeleton\u201D (2023\u20132027). Many thanks to S\u00E1ndor \u00C9vinger and Kitti K\u00F6hler, curators at the Hungarian Natural History Museum, for facilitating access to the skeletal collection and for their kind assistance. We thank the reviewers for their insightful comments. S\u00E9bastien Villotte is grateful to Christopher Kn\u00FCsel for editing the English. Open access publication funding provided by COUPERIN CY26.

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