Anaplasma; Ecuador; antibodies; antigens; babesia; calves; rearing systems
Abstract :
[en] Tick-borne diseases (TBDs), such as anaplasmosis and babesiosis, pose significant challenges to dairy farming in subtropical regions, where balancing tick control with immune development is essential to maintaining herd health. This study evaluated the immune responses of calves raised under confined and traditional systems in Ecuador. Serum samples from 124 cows and their calves were analysed using ELISA assays to detect Anaplasma marginale antibodies and Babesia bovis antigens. The results showed a significantly higher seroprevalence of A. marginale antibodies in calves reared under traditional systems (98 %) compared to those raised under confinement (32 %) (p < 0.01), suggesting that early exposure to infected ticks enhances immune response development. In contrast, antigen levels for B. bovis were low overall (1 % Ag-prevalence), suggesting limited pathogen circulation, although the Ag-prevalence was slightly higher in traditional systems (2 %). In confined systems, maternal antibody transfer appeared to play a more prominent role, whereas calves in traditional systems developed a more active, independent immunity. These findings highlight the importance of calf-rearing strategies that incorporate controlled tick exposure alongside targeted management practices to enhance herd resilience and mitigate economic losses. A balanced approach considering endemic stability could improve long-term protection against TBDs in subtropical dairy farming systems. [es] Las enfermedades transmitidas por garrapatas (ETG), como la anaplasmosis y la babesiosis, plantean serios desafíos para la producción lechera en regiones subtropicales, donde equilibrar el control de garrapatas con el desarrollo inmunitario es esencial para la salud del hato. Este estudio evaluó las respuestas inmunitarias de terneros criados en sistemas confinados y tradicionales en Ecuador. Se analizaron muestras de suero de 124 vacas y sus terneros mediante pruebas de ELISA para detectar anticuerpos contra Anaplasma marginale y antígenos de Babesia bovis. Los resultados mostraron una seroprevalencia significativamente mayor de anticuerpos contra A. marginale en terneros criados en sistemas tradicionales (98%) en comparación con aquellos de sistemas confinados (32%) (p < 0,01), lo que indica que la exposición temprana a garrapatas infectadas contribuye a respuestas inmunitarias más fuertes. Por el contrario, los niveles de antígenos para B. bovis fueron en general bajos (1 % de prevalencia de Ag), lo que sugiere una circulación limitada del patógeno; aunque la prevalencia de Ag fue mayor en los sistemas tradicionales (2 %). La transferencia de anticuerpos maternos hacia los terneros jugó un papel más relevante en los sistemas confinados, que en los terneros de sistemas tradicionales que desarrollaron inmunidad más activa e independiente. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de las estrategias de crianza de terneros que integren la exposición controlada a garrapatas con un manejo específico para mejorar la resiliencia del rebaño y mitigar las pérdidas económicas. Un enfoque equilibrado que considere la estabilidad endémica podría mejorar la protección a largo plazo contra las enfermedades transmitidas por garrapatas en los sistemas lecheros subtropicales.
Disciplines :
Veterinary medicine & animal health
Author, co-author :
Balseca, Daniela; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador ; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad del Ecuador, Maestría en Epidemiología y Salud Pública Veterinaria, Jerónimo Leyton s/n y Gilberto Gatto Sobral, Quito, Ecuador ; Centro de Biología, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Paucar-Quishpe, Valeria; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador ; Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium ; Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Richar; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador ; Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Pérez-Otáñez, Ximena; Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador ; Georges Lemaitre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth & Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium ; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
Cepeda-Bastidas, Darío; Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Pérez-Escalante, Cecilia ; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Chávez-Larrea, María-Augusta; Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium ; Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
Enríquez, Sandra; Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Grijalva, Jorge; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Vanwambeke, Sophie O; Georges Lemaitre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth & Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Saegerman, Claude ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des maladies infectieuses et parasitaires (DMI) > Epidémiologie, analyse de risques et biosécurité appliquées aux sciences vétérinaires
Ron-Garrido, Lenin ; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador ; Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Language :
English
Title :
Tick-borne diseases in subtropical dairy farming: The role of calf rearing strategies in antibody and antigen prevalence.
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