Neuroscience (miscellaneous); Molecular Medicine; Psychiatry and Mental Health; Biological Psychiatry
Abstract :
[en] Psychological characteristics are associated with varying dementia risk and protective factors. To determine whether these characteristics aggregate into psychological profiles and whether these profiles differentially relate to aging health, we conducted a cross-sectional investigation in two independent middle-aged (51.4 ± 7.0 years (mean ± s.d.); N = 750) and older adult (71.1 ± 5.9 years; N = 282) cohorts, supplemented by longitudinal analyses in the former. Using a person-centered approach, three profiles emerged in both cohorts: those with low protective characteristics (profile 1), high risk characteristics (profile 2) and well-balanced characteristics (profile 3). Profile 1 showed the worst objective cognition in older age and middle age (at follow-up), and most rapid cortical thinning. Profile 2 exhibited the worst mental health symptomology and lowest sleep quality in both older age and middle age. We identified profile-dependent divergent patterns of associations that may suggest two distinct paths for mental, cognitive and brain health, emphasizing the need for comprehensive psychological assessments in dementia prevention research to identify groups for more personalized behavior-change strategies.
Disciplines :
Neurosciences & behavior
Author, co-author :
Bartrés-Faz, David ; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Demnitz-King, Harriet ; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Cabello-Toscano, María; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Vaqué-Alcázar, Lídia ; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ; Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau-Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Saunders, Rob; CORE Data Lab, Centre for Outcomes and Research Effectiveness, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Touron, Edelweiss ; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
Cattaneo, Gabriele; Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain ; Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
Gonneaud, Julie; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
Klimecki, Olga; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ; Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany ; Clinical Psychology, Geneva, Switzerland
Bargalló, Núria; Diagnostic per la Imatge Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; Universitat de Barcelona and CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
Sánchez-Solana, Javier; Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain ; Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
Tormos, José M.; Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Chételat, Gäel ; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
Pascual-Leone, Álvaro ; Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States ; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
Marchant, Natalie L. ; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Wirth, Miranka; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
Whitfield, Tim; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Walker, Zuzana; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom ; Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Essex, United Kingdom
Wallet, Cédrick; Institut de Santé Publique, d’Epidémiologie et de Développement, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France ; CIC-EC1401/EUCLID, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Bordeaux, France
Vuilleumier, Patrik; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Schlosser, Marco; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom ; Geneva School of Social Sciences, and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Smith, Rhonda; Minerva Health & Care Communications Ltd, Andover, United Kingdom
Smagghe, Delphine; Inserm Transfert, Paris, France
Schild, Ann-Katrin; Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Salmon, Eric ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques
Rauchs, Géraldine; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France ; Inserm UMR-S U1237, GIP Cyceron, Université de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
Quillard, Anne; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
Poisnel, Géraldine; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France ; Inserm UMR-S U1237, GIP Cyceron, Université de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
Ourry, Valentin; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France ; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
Molinuevo, José Luis; Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain ; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBER FES), Madrid, Spain
Michel, Laurence; Haute Autorité de Santé, Saint-Denis, France
Meiberth, Dix; Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Mezenge, Florence; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
Lutz, Antoine; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028, Lyon University, Lyon, France
Lefranc, Valérie; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
Landeau, Brigitte; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
Kuhn, Elizabeth; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
Krolak-Salmon, Pierre; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut du Vieillissement, CRC Vieillissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, Lyon, France
Jessen, Frank; Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany ; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Goldet, Karine; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut du Vieillissement, CRC Vieillissement-Cerveau-Fragilite, Lyon, France
Frison, Eric; EUCLID/F-CRIN Clinical Trials Platform, Bordeaux Population Health Center, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France ; Service d’Information Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Ferrand Devouge, Eglantine; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France ; Department of General Practice, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France ; Rouen University Hospital, Centre d’Investigation Clinique-Centre de Ressources Biologiques (CIC-CRB) 1404, Rouen, France
Delarue, Marion; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
De La Sayette, Vincent; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France ; Service de Neurologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
Dautricourt, Sophie; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
Coll-Padros, Nina; Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
Collette, Fabienne ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie > Neuropsychologie de l'adulte ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Neurosciences - Aging & Memory ; Fund for Scientific Research FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
Chocat, Anne; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
Baez Lugo, Sebastian; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Bachelet, Romain; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut du Vieillissement, CRC Vieillissement-Cerveau-Fragilite, Lyon, France
André, Claire; UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
The research leading to these results has received funding from \u2018la Caixa\u2019 Foundation (grant no. LCF/PR/PR16/11110004), the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program (grant no. 667696) and from Institut Guttmann and Fundaci\u00F3 Abertis. D.B.-F. was funded by grant PID2022-137234OB-100 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and \u2018ERDF/EU\u2019, a \u2018Programa de Estancias de Movilidad en Centros Extrangeros\u2019, a Research Stay Grant (PRX21/00690) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities, and an ICREA Academia 2019 research grant from the Catalan Government. C.G. and J.S.-S. are partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2022-139298OA-C22). L.V.-A. was partially funded by a Margarita Salas Grant from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Government of Spain (Next Generation EU program) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Sara Borrell Grant CD23/00235). J.G. was supported by a Young Researcher Grant 2019\u20132022 from the Fondation Alzheimer and Fondation de France. O.K. received funding from the Secr\u00E9tariat d'\u00C9tat \u00E0 la Formation, \u00E0 la Recherche et \u00E0 l\u2019Innovation (SEFRI) under contract no. 15.0336 in the context of the European project \u2018Medit-Ageing\u2019.
Mental Health of Older Adults (World Health Organization, 2023); https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults
Prince, M. et al. World Alzheimer Report 2015. The Global Impact of Dementia: An Analysis of Prevalence, Incidence, Cost and Trends (Alzheimer’s Disease International, 2015).
G. Livingston et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission Lancet 404 572 628 39096926 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01296-0
D. Bartrés-Faz C. Solé-Padullés N.L. Marchant Cognitive aging and dementia prevention: the time for psychology? Aging 15 889 891 36849139 10008504
N.L. Marchant et al. Repetitive negative thinking is associated with amyloid, tau and cognitive decline Alzheimers Dement. 16 1054 1064 32508019 10.1002/alz.12116
M. Schlosser H. Demnitz-King T. Whitfield M. Wirth N.L. Marchant Repetitive negative thinking is associated with subjective cognitive decline in older adults: a cross-sectional study BMC Psychiatry 20 33036587 7547434 10.1186/s12888-020-02884-7 500
H.T. Karim et al. Aging faster: worry and rumination in late life are associated with greater brain age Neurobiol. Aging 101 13 21 33561786 8122027 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.01.009
A. Terracciano et al. Personality associations with amyloid and tau: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and Meta-Analysis Biol. Psychiatry 91 359 369 34663503 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.08.021
K. Nabe-Nielsen et al. Perceived stress and dementia: results from the Copenhagen city heart study Aging Ment. Health 24 1828 1836 31184203 10.1080/13607863.2019.1625304
G. Bell T. Singham R. Saunders A. John J. Stott Positive psychological constructs and association with reduced risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis Ageing Res. Rev. 77 101594 35192960 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101594
D. Bartrés-Faz G. Cattaneo J. Solana J.M. Tormos A. Pascual-Leone Meaning in life: resilience beyond reserve Alzheimers Res. Ther. 10 47 29793549 5968537 10.1186/s13195-018-0381-z
H. Demnitz-King et al. Association of self-reflection with cognition and brain health in cognitively unimpaired older adults Neurology 99 e1422 e1431 35853750 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200951
C. Strikwerda-Brown et al. Trait mindfulness is associated with less amyloid, tau, and cognitive decline in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease Biol. Psychiatry Glob. Open Sci. 3 130 138 36712573 9874144 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.01.001
R.A. Kusurkar et al. ‘One size does not fit all’: the value of person-centred analysis in health professions education research Perspect. Med. Educ. 10 245 251 33284407 10.1007/S40037-020-00633-W
L.R. Bergman D. Magnusson A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology Dev. Psychopathol. 9 291 319 9201446 10.1017/S095457949700206X
D. Sutin DrAR et al. Sense of meaning and purpose in life and risk of incident dementia: new data and meta-analysis Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 105 36347158 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104847 104847
D. Aschwanden et al. Is personality associated with dementia risk? A meta-analytic investigation Ageing Res. Rev. 67 33561581 8005464 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101269 101269
P.A. Boyle et al. Effect of purpose in life on the relation between Alzheimer disease pathologic changes on cognitive function in advanced age Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69 499 504 22566582 3389510 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1487
K. Abellaneda-Pérez et al. Purpose in life promotes resilience to age-related brain burden in middle-aged adults Alzheimers Res. Ther. 15 49 36915148 10009845 10.1186/s13195-023-01198-6
I.D. Boreham N.S. Schutte The relationship between purpose in life and depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis J. Clin. Psychol. 79 2736 2767 37572371 10.1002/jclp.23576
E.C. Willroth et al. Well-being and cognitive resilience to dementia-related neuropathology Psychol. Sci. 34 283 297 36473124 10.1177/09567976221119828
B.C. Dickerson et al. The cortical signature of Alzheimer’s disease: regionally specific cortical thinning relates to symptom severity in very mild to mild AD dementia and is detectable in asymptomatic amyloid-positive individuals Cereb. Cortex 19 497 510 18632739 10.1093/cercor/bhn113
A.B. Storsve et al. Differential longitudinal changes in cortical thickness, surface area and volume across the adult life span: regions of accelerating and decelerating change J. Neurosci. 34 8488 8498 24948804 6608217 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0391-14.2014
N.L. Marchant R.J. Howard Cognitive debt and Alzheimer’s disease J. Alzheimers Dis. 44 755 770 25362035 10.3233/JAD-141515
A. Terracciano et al. Is neuroticism differentially associated with risk of Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and frontotemporal dementia? J. Psychiatric Res. 138 34 40 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.039
K.E. Pike M.G. Cavuoto L. Li B.J. Wright G.J. Kinsella Subjective cognitive decline: level of risk for future dementia and mild cognitive impairment, a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies Neuropsychol. Rev. 32 703 735 34748154 10.1007/s11065-021-09522-3
L. Yang et al. Depression, depression treatments, and risk of incident dementia: a prospective cohort study of 354,313 participants Biol. Psychiatry 93 802 809 36526487 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.026
J. Santabárbara et al. Does anxiety increase the risk of all-cause dementia? An updated meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies J. Clin. Med. 9 1791 32526871 7355582 10.3390/jcm9061791
L. Shi et al. Sleep disturbances increase the risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis Sleep Med. Rev. 40 4 16 28890168 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.06.010
L. Qiao et al. Association between loneliness and dementia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16 36530204 9751343 10.3389/fnhum.2022.899814 899814
A. Pichet Binette et al. Amyloid and tau pathology associations with personality traits, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive lifestyle in the preclinical phases of sporadic and autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease Biol. Psychiatry 89 776 785 32228870 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.01.023
A. Stenhoff L. Steadman S. Nevitt L. Benson R.G. White Acceptance and commitment therapy and subjective wellbeing: a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials in adults J. Contextual Behav. Sci. 18 256 272 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.08.008
A. John et al. Associations between psychological therapy outcomes for depression and incidence of dementia Psychol. Med. 53 4869 4879 36106698 10.1017/S0033291722002537
J. Stott et al. Associations between psychological intervention for anxiety disorders and risk of dementia: a prospective cohort study using national health-care records data in England Lancet Healthy Longev. 4 e12 e22 36509102 10570142 10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00242-2
T. Ngandu et al. A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 385 2255 2263 25771249 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60461-5
M. Kivipelto et al. World-Wide FINGERS Network: a global approach to risk reduction and prevention of dementia Alzheimers Dement. 16 1078 1094 32627328 10.1002/alz.12123
A.R. Sutin Y. Stephan A. Terracciano Psychological distress, self-beliefs, and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia J. Alzheimers Dis. 65 1041 1050 30103318 6346268 10.3233/JAD-180119
W. Treynor R. Gonzalez S. Nolen-Hoeksema Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis Cogn. Ther. Res. 27 247 259 10.1023/A:1023910315561
G. Cattaneo et al. The Barcelona Brain Health Initiative: a cohort study to define and promote determinants of brain health Front. Aging Neurosci. 10 321 30405394 6204574 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00321
G. Cattaneo et al. Guttmann Cognitest’®, preliminary validation of a digital solution to test cognitive performance Front. Aging Neurosci. 14 36408102 9669647 10.3389/fnagi.2022.987891 987891
G. Poisnel et al. The Age-Well randomized controlled trial of the Medit-Ageing European project: effect of meditation or foreign language training on brain and mental health in older adults Alzheimers Dement. 4 714 723
N.L. Marchant et al. The SCD-Well randomized controlled trial: effects of a mindfulness-based intervention versus health education on mental health in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) Alzheimers Dement 4 737 745
F. Jessen et al. A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimers Dement. 10 844 852 24798886 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.001
T.A. Brown B.F. Chorpita W. Korotitsch D.H. Barlow Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples Behav. Res. Ther. 35 79 89 9009048 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X
J.I. Sheikh J.A. Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version Clin. Gerontol. J. Aging Ment. Health 5 165 173
C.D. Spielberger F. Gonzalez-Reigosa A. Martinez-Urrutia L.F. Natalicio D.S. Natalicio The state-trait anxiety inventory Revista Interamericana de Psicologia/Interam. J. Psychol. 5 145 158
K. Gana B. Martin M.D. Canouet Worry and anxiety: is there a causal relationship? Psychopathology 34 221 229 11799316 10.1159/000049314
K.V. Papp D.M. Rentz I. Orlovsky R.A. Sperling E.C. Mormino Optimizing the preclinical Alzheimer’s cognitive composite with semantic processing: the PACC5 Alzheimers Dement. 3 668 677
T. Whitfield et al. Effects of a mindfulness-based versus a health self-management intervention on objective cognitive performance in older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD): a secondary analysis of the SCD-Well randomized controlled trial Alzheimers Res. Ther. 14 125 36068621 9446839 10.1186/s13195-022-01057-w
D. Cella et al. Neuro-QOL: brief measures of health-related quality of life for clinical research in neurology Neurology 78 1860 1867 22573626 3369516 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258f744
D. McNair R. Kahn Self-assessment of cognitive deficits Assess. Geriatr. Psychopharmacol. 137 143
K. Deckers et al. Long‐term dementia risk prediction by the LIBRA score: a 30‐year follow‐up of the CAIDE study Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 35 195 203 31736136 10.1002/gps.5235
M.E. Hughes L.J. Waite L.C. Hawkley J.T. Cacioppo A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys Res. Aging 26 655 672 18504506 2394670 10.1177/0164027504268574
C.D. Jenkins B.-A. Stanton S.J. Niemcryk R.M. Rose A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research J. Clin. Epidemiol. 41 313 321 3351539 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90138-2
D.J. Buysse C.F. Reynolds T.H. Monk S.R. Berman D.J. Kupfer The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research Psychiatry Res. 28 193 213 2748771 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
J.E. Lubben Assessing social networks among elderly populations Fam. Community Health 11 42 52 10.1097/00003727-198811000-00008
B. Fischl A.M. Dale Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97 11050 11055 10984517 27146 10.1073/pnas.200033797
M. Reuter B. Fischl Avoiding asymmetry-induced bias in longitudinal image processing Neuroimage 57 19 21 21376812 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.076
