[en] Microwave (MW)-assisted biocatalysis emerged as a highly attractive route for green chemical synthesis. This review discusses how MW can combine its rapid and selective dielectric heating with specificity, efficiency, and mild conditions of enzymatic catalysis to accelerate enzyme kinetics, reduce energy consumption, and enable process intensification in MW-assisted enzymatic processes. Emphasis is placed on the fundamental mechanisms of MW irradiation interactions with enzymatic and chemical systems, including dipolar rotation and ionic conduction, dielectric parameters, and penetration depth, which govern temperature distribution and reaction performance. Strength and weakness-consideration brings about issues such as hotspots, absorption depending on the solvent used, enzyme stability, and finally scale-up challenges. MW hybrid heating (MHH), which combines MW with other heating sources, such as conventional conduction or ultrasound, is proposed to address these limitations and improve thermal uniformity and selectivity. Examines the key process variables influencing MW-assisted biocatalysis, including solvent polarity, hydration state, molar ratio, catalyst loading, immobilization strategies, and reactor configuration, in both batch and continuous modes. Various enzymatic reactions demonstrate the advantages of MW-assisted biocatalysis, including shorter reaction times, higher yields, and greater operational stability. Furthermore, the use of immobilized enzymes under MW or MHH conditions is crucial for enhancing process robustness, reusability, and control. Finally, the limitations of scaling up processes using MW and MHH for industrial applications are discussed, and future research directions are outlined, focusing on expanding the enzymatic repertoire, improving kinetic and thermodynamic models, optimizing and developing processes and reactors, and further integrating green solvents to promote sustainable biocatalysis.
Disciplines :
Chemistry
Author, co-author :
Lerin, Lindomar Alberto; Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara–UNIFE, Ferrara, Italy
Meola, Domenico; Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara–UNIFE, Ferrara, Italy
Chaibi, Chaimae ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Chemistry for Sustainable Food and Environmental Systems (CSFES)
Aprile, Simona; Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara–UNIFE, Ferrara, Italy
Presini, Francesco; Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara–UNIFE, Ferrara, Italy
Zappaterra, Federico; Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara–UNIFE, Ferrara, Italy
Giovannini, Pier Paolo; Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara–UNIFE, Ferrara, Italy
Language :
English
Title :
Microwave-assisted biocatalysis: A pathway to efficient and sustainable chemical synthesis
The authors acknowledge the University of Ferrara (FAR/FIRD funds) and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 04 Component 2 Investment 1.5-NextGenerationEU, Call for tender n. 3277 dated 30 December 2021. Award Number: 0001052 dated 23 June 2022, for financial support.
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