Assessing the Synergistic Effects of Combined Nature-Based Solutions on Urban Heat Islands: A GIS-Based Multi-Scale Modeling Approach for Brussels

Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects are intensifying as a result of rapid urbanization, posing serious risks to public health, increasing energy demand, and undermining climate resilience. This research explores the synergistic cooling potential of combining multiple Nature Based Solutions (NBS), including green roofs, urban forests, and water bodies across different spatial scales in Brussels. A GIS-based multi-scale modeling framework, integrated with ENVI-met simulations, is employed to assess the thermal impacts and feasibility of various NBS combinations. The findings aim to support evidence-based approaches for sustainable urban planning and climate adaptation.