Pediatric Bloodstream Infections in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, and Predictors of Mortality - 2026
Pediatric Bloodstream Infections in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, and Predictors of Mortality
Battisti, Oreste ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques
Van der Linden, Dimitri
Lupande Mwenebitu, David
Mbusa Kambale, Richard
Language :
English
Title :
Pediatric Bloodstream Infections in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, and Predictors of Mortality
Gray AP, Chung E, Hsu RL, et al.Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2025;13:e2013–14. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(25)00356-0
Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al.Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017. Lancet. 2020;395:200–211. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7
Watson RS, Carroll ED, Carter MJ, Kissoon N, Ranjit S, Schlapbach LJ. The burden and contemporary epidemiology of sepsis in children. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2024;8:670–681. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00140-8
Lamy B, Sundqvist M, Idelevich EA. Bloodstream infections: standard and progress in pathogen diagnostics. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26:142–150. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.017
Connell TG, Rele M, Cowley D, Buttery JP, Curtis N. How reliable is a negative blood culture result?Pediatrics. 2007;119:891–896. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0440
Hall KK, Lyman JA. Updated review of blood culture contamination. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19:788–802. doi:10.1128/CMR.00062-05
Murray CJL, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, et al.Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019. Lancet. 2022;399:629–655. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990–2021. Lancet. 2024;404:1199–1226. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01867-1
World Health Organization. Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS) report 2023. Geneva: WHO; 2023.
Kowalski M, Minka Obama B, Catho G, et al.Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacterales infections among children in sub-Saharan Africa. eClinicalMedicine. 2024;70:102512. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102512
Leopold SJ, van Leth F, Tarekegn H, Schultsz C. Antimicrobial drug resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:2337–2353. doi:10.1093/jac/dku176
Akilimali A, Biamba U, Fasawe A, Aborode AT. Antimicrobial use and resistance in DRC: a mini review. Ann Med Surg. 2022;80:104183. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104183
Tack B, Phoba MF, Van Puyvelde S, et al.Salmonella Typhi from blood cultures in DRC: a 10-year surveillance. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(Suppl 2):S130–S137. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy1116
Kashosi TM, Muhandule AB, Mwenebitu DL, Mihuhi N, Mutendela JK, Mubagwa K. Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. in Bukavu. Pan Afr Med J. 2018;29:42. doi:10.11604/pamj.2018.29.42.13456
Tack B, Vita D, Mbuyamba J, et al.Prediction model for non-typhoidal Salmonella BSI in children. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25:122. doi:10.1186/s12879-024-10319-x
Feasey NA, Dougan G, Kingsley RA, Heyderman RS, Gordon MA. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease in Africa. Lancet. 2012;379:2489–2499. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61752-2
Page AL, de Rekeneire N, Sayadi S, et al.Infections in children with SAM. PLoS One. 2013;8:e68699. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068699
Ministry of Public Health, DRC. Organization of the health system. Kinshasa; 2025.
Provincial Health Division South Kivu. Operational Action Plan 2023–2024. Bukavu; 2023.
von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, et al.STROBE statement. Lancet. 2007;370:1453–1457. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61602-X
Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, et al.Surviving Sepsis Campaign pediatric guidelines. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020;21:e52–e106. doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000002198
Fabre V, Sharara SL, Salinas AB, Carroll KC, Cosgrove SE, Tamma PD. Interpretation of blood cultures. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:114–121.
World Health Organization. WHO Child Growth Standards. Geneva; 2006.
Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al.MDR definitions. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:268–281. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al.Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268–281.
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 13.0; 2023.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Principles and Procedures for Blood Cultures. 2nd ed. 2022. CLSI guideline M47. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2025.
Crump JA, Ramadhani HO, Morrissey AB, et al.Invasive infections in Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:341–348. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq103