Bone tools; Experimentation; Middle Palaeolithic; Neanderthal; Proteomics; Use-wear; Archeology (arts and humanities); Anthropology; Archeology
Abstract :
[en] In recent years, the number of studies on bone tools from Middle Palaeolithic contexts has increased considerably. Mainly identified as retouchers and predominantly documented during the transition from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic, around 50 to 40 ka BP, these bone tools provide key insights into Homo neanderthalensis behaviour. The bone tool assemblage from Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais, northern France, MIS 7), although never studied in detail, is one of the largest known for early Neanderthal occupations in northern France. Several approaches can be applied to the study of bone artefacts, particularly those focusing on raw material management and techno-functional aspects. Owing to the exceptional preservation of its surfaces, the Biache-Saint-Vaast material is especially well-suited for testing different analytical techniques. Here, we present the results of a multi-scalar approach combining anatomical studies, palaeoproteomics (ZooMS and LC-MS/MS), taphonomy, traceology, and experimentation. Applied to 10 archaeological artefacts, this study represents the first successful application of such an approach to ancient bone tools. Our results highlight the potential and importance of conducting similarly comprehensive studies on larger assemblages of bone artefacts, including those recovered from ancient open-air contexts, as well as the need to develop additional comparative datasets.
Disciplines :
Archaeology
Author, co-author :
Vignes, M.-P. ; Evolution, Ecology and Palaeontology (EEP-UMR 8198), Université de Lille/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lille, France
Alaime, K.; Faculté des sciences, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
Bray, F. ; Institut Michel Eugène Chevreul (IMEC-UAR 2638), Université de Lille/CNRS, Lille, France
Rots, Veerle ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Art, Archéologie et Patrimoine (AAP) ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences historiques > TraceoLab ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences historiques > Tracéologie et technologies préhistoriques
Auguste, P. ; Evolution, Ecology and Palaeontology (EEP-UMR 8198), Université de Lille/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lille, France
Julien, M.-A. ; GéoArchÉon, 30 rue de la Victoire, Viéville sous-les-Côtes, France ; Histoire Naturelle des Humanités Préhistoriques (HNHP, UMR 7194), CNRS, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, UPVD, Paris, France
Language :
English
Title :
Using bone retouchers in the early Middle Palaeolithic. First application of a multi-proxy approach to Biache-Saint-Vaast (MIS 7)
Publication date :
August 2026
Journal title :
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
ISSN :
1866-9557
eISSN :
1866-9565
Publisher :
Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
ANR - Agence Nationale de la Recherche ULille - Université de Lille CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Région Hauts-de-France ERDF - European Regional Development Fund ULiège - Université de Liège ERC - European Research Council F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique
Funding text :
The project has received funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR-21-CE03-0009-01 BigGame) and support from the French Research Tax Credit (CIR) for GeoArchEon, including through the \u2018Jeune Docteur\u2019 scheme. This work was also supported by the IBiSA network and ProFi infrastructure (FR2048) for financial support of the UAR 3290 (MSAP) proteomics facility (MS4OMICS). The mass spectrometers used in this study were funded by the University of Lille, the CNRS, the R\u00E9gion Hauts-de-France and the European Regional Development Fund. The authors deeply thank CNRS - Mission pour l\u2019Interdisciplinarit\u00E9 (MITI- Pal\u00E9oprot\u00E9omique et bioinformatique appliqu\u00E9es \u00E0 l\u2019identification des premiers/Homo/en France septentrionale) for the funding of the PBPhomo project (2023\u20132024) and the EvoArPalMS project (2024\u20132025). We are grateful to the financial support from the IR INFRANALYTICS FR2054 CNRS that helped us to conduct the research. The experimental work was funded by the University of Li\u00E8ge, while the use-wear analyses were made possible thanks to the TraceoLab facilities, which received financial support from the European Research Council (EVO-HAFT attributed to V. Rots, ERC Grant Agreement no. 312283), the F.R.S.-FNRS and the University of Li\u00E8ge. V. Rots is indebted to the F.R.S.-FNRS.The project has received funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR-21-CE03-0009-01 BigGame) and support from the French Research Tax Credit (CIR) for GeoArchEon, including through the \u2018Jeune Docteur\u2019 scheme. This work was also supported by the IBiSA network and ProFi infrastructure (FR2048) for financial support of the UAR 3290 (MSAP) proteomics facility (MS4OMICS). The mass spectrometers used in this study were funded by the University of Lille, the CNRS, the R\u00E9gion Hauts-de-France and the European Regional Development Fund. The authors deeply thank CNRS - Mission pour l\u2019Interdisciplinarit\u00E9 (MITI- Pal\u00E9oprot\u00E9omique et bioinformatique appliqu\u00E9es \u00E0 l\u2019identification des\u00A0premiers/Homo/en France septentrionale) for the funding of the PBPhomo project (2023\u20132024) and the EvoArPalMS project (2024\u20132025). We are grateful to the financial support from the IR INFRANALYTICS FR2054 CNRS that helped us to conduct the research. The experimental work was funded by the University of Li\u00E8ge, while the use-wear analyses were made possible thanks to the TraceoLab facilities, which received financial support from the European Research Council (EVO-HAFT attributed to V. Rots, ERC Grant Agreement no. 312283), the F.R.S.-FNRS and the University of Li\u00E8ge. V. Rots is indebted to the F.R.S.-FNRS.
Abrams G (2018) Palaeolithic bone retouchers from Belgium: a preliminary overview of the recent research through historic and recently excavated bone collections. In: Hutson J. M., García-Moreno A., Noack E.S., Turner E., Villaluenga A., Gaudzinski-Windheuser S. (eds) The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies. Conference at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hannover, Hanovre, Germany, pp 197–213
Abrams G Auguste P Pirson S De Groote I Halbrucker É Di Modica K Pironneau C Dedrie T Meloro C Fischer V Bocherens H Vanbrabant Y Bray F Earliest evidence of Neanderthal multifunctional bone tool production from cave lion (Panthera spelaea) remains Sci Rep 2025 10.1038/s41598-025-08588-w
Alaime K (2022) Utilisation de l’os par Néandertal: Application de la protéomique et de la tracéologie à la caractérisation des os à impressions de Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais, France). Mémoire de Master, Université Rennes 1:34
Armand D Delagnes A Brugal J-P Meignen L Patou-Mathis M Les retouchoirs en os d’Artenac (couche 6c): perspectives archéozoologiques, taphonomiques et expérimentales Economie préhistorique: les comportements de subsistance au Paléolithique, XVe Rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’Histoire d’Antibes 1998 Sophia Antipolis Editions APDCA 205 214
Arrighi S Moroni A Tassoni L Boschin F Badino F Bortolini E Boscato P Crezzini J Figus C Forte M Lugli F Marciani G Oxilia G Negrino F Riel-Salvatore J Romandini M Peresani M Spinapolice EE Ronchitelli A Benazzi S Bone tools, ornaments and other unusual objects during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in Italy Quatern Int 2020 551 169 187 10.1016/j.quaint.2019.11.016
Auguste P (1995a) Cadres biostratigraphiques et paléoécologiques du peuplement humain dans la France septentrionale durant le Pléistocène: apports de l’étude paléontologique des grands mammifères du gisement de Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais). Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle
Auguste P Chasse et charognage au Paléolithique Moyen: l’apport du gisement de Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais) Bull Soc Prehist Fr 1995 92 155 167 10.3406/bspf.1995.10003
Auguste P Patou-Matis M Fiche éclats diaphysaires du Paléolithique moyen: Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais) et Kulna (Moravie, République Tchèque) Cahier X - Retouchoirs, compresseurs, percuteurs.. Os à impressions et éraillures 2002 Paris Société Préhistorique Française 39 57
Auguste P La chasse à l’ours au Paléolithique moyen: Mythes, réalités et état de la question BAR Int Ser 2003 1105 135 142
Auguste P Evolution des peuplements mammaliens en Europe du Nord-Ouest Durant le Pléistocène Moyen et Supérieur. Le cas de la France septentrionale Quaternaire 2009 20 527 550 10.4000/quaternaire.5361
Auguste P Moncel M-H Patou-Mathis M Chasse ou « charognage »: acquisition et traitement des rhinocéros au Paléolithique moyen d’Europe occidentale Economie préhistorique: les comportements de subsistance au Paléolithique, XVIIIe Rencontres Internationales d’Archéologie et d’Histoire d’Antibes 1998 Antibes APDCA 133 151
Averbouh A Tejero JM Goutas N Christensen M Innovation in the production and use of equipment in hard animal materials: Origins and consequences in prehistoric societies, from the Palaeolithic to the Mesolithic Quatern Int 2017 438 11 14 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.051
Bahain J-J (2007) La méthode de datation par résonance de spin électronique (ESR) au Muséum national d’histoire naturelle. Vingt ans de recherches méthodologiques et d’applications géochronologiques. Université Michel de Montagne Bordeaux 3
Baumann M Girya E Crépin L Julien M-A Rendu W Saifullaev B Krivoshapkin A Middle Paleolithic bone industry in Central Asia, first evidence from Obi-Rakhmat Grotto (Uzbekistan) J Archaeol Sci Rep 2025 61 104961 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104961
Baumann M Plisson H Maury S Renou S Coqueugniot H Vanderesse N Kolobova K Shnaider S Rots V Guérin G Rendu W On the Quina side: a Neanderthal bone industry at Chez-Pinaud site, France PLoS One 2023 10.1371/journal.pone.0284081
Behrensmeyer AK (1978) Paleontological Society Taphonomic and Ecologic Information from Bone Weathering
Beyries S (1988) Etude tracéologique des racloirs du Niveau IIa. In: Tuffreau A, Sommé J (eds) Le Gisement Paléolithique Moyen de Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais). Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française, pp 215–230
Binford LR Bones. Ancient men and modern myths 1981 Academic Press
Bradfield J Kitchener AC Buckley M Selection preferences for animal species used in bone-tool-manufacturing strategies in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa PLoS One 2021 16 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXosFSrs7w%3D 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0249296 e0249296
Bray F Fabrizi I Flament S Locht J-L Antoine P Auguste P Rolando C Robust High-Throughput Proteomics Identification and Deamidation Quantitation of Extinct Species up to Pleistocene with Ultrahigh-Resolution MALDI-FTICR Mass Spectrometry Anal Chem 2023 95 7422 7432 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXovFeqsrc%3D 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03301
Bray F, Flament S, Abrams G, Bonjean D, Modica KD, Rolando C, Tokarski C, Auguste P (2020) Extinct species identification from Upper Pleistocene bone fragments not identifiable from their osteomorphological studies by proteomics analysis
Bray F Flament S Abrams G Bonjean D Rolando C Tokarski C Auguste P Extinct species identification from late middle Pleistocene and earlier Upper Pleistocene bone fragments and tools not recognizable from their osteomorphological study by an enhanced proteomics protocol Archaeometry 2022 65 196 212 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhslGgurrJ 10.1111/arcm.12800
Brown S Higham T Slon V Paabo S Meyer M Douka K Brock F Comeskey D Procopio N Shunkov M Derevianko A Buckley M Identification of a new hominin bone from Denisova Cave, Siberia using collagen fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA analysis Sci Rep 2015 10.1038/srep23559
Buckley M Collins M Thomas-Oaies J Wilson JC Species identification by analysis of bone collagen using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009 23 3843 3854 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVahurrI 10.1002/rcm.4316
Cappellini E Jensen LJ Szklarczyk D Ginolhac A Da Fonseca RAR Stafford TW Holen SR Collins MJ Orlando L Willerslev E Gilbert MTP Olsen JV Proteomic analysis of a Pleistocene mammoth femur reveals more than one hundred ancient bone proteins J Proteome Res 2012 11 917 926 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsV2nu77M 10.1021/pr200721u
Cappellini E Welker F Pandolfi L Ramos-Madrigal J Samodova D Rüther PL Fotakis AK Lyon D Moreno-Mayar JV Bukhsianidze M Rakownikow Jersie-Christensen R Mackie M Ginolhac A Ferring R Tappen M Palkopoulou E Dickinson MR Stafford TW Chan YL Götherström A Nathan SKSS Heintzman PD Kapp JD Kirillova I Moodley Y Agusti J Kahlke RD Kiladze G Martínez-Navarro B Liu S Sandoval Velasco M Sinding MHS Kelstrup CD Allentoft ME Orlando L Penkman K Shapiro B Rook L Dalén L Gilbert MTP Olsen JV Lordkipanidze D Willerslev E Early Pleistocene enamel proteome from Dmanisi resolves Stephanorhinus phylogeny Nature 2019 574 103 107 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhslKhsr3O 10.1038/s41586-019-1555-y
Collins MJ Nielsen-Marsh CM Hiller J Smith CI Roberts JP Prigodich RV Wess TJ Csapò J Millard AR Turner-Walker G The survival of organic matter in bone: a review Archaeometry 2002 44 383 394 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotlOhsr8%3D 10.1111/1475-4754.T01-1-00071
Costamagno S, Bourguignon L, Soulier M-C, Beauval C, Rendu W, Mussini C, Mann A, Maureille B (2018) Bone Retouchers and site function in the Quina Mousterian: the case of Les Pradelles (Marillac-le-France, France). In: Hutson J. M., García-Moreno A., Noack E.S., Turner E., Villaluenga A., Gaudzinski-Windheuser S. (eds) The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies. Conference at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hannover, Hanovre, Germany, pp 165–195
d’ Errico F Backwell L Assessing the function of early hominin bone tools J Archaeol Sci 2009 36 1764 1773 10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.005
d’ Errico F Backwell LR Wadley L Geis L Queffelec A Banks WE Doyon L Technological and functional analysis of 80–60 ka bone wedges from Sibudu (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) Sci Rep 2022 10.1038/s41598-022-20680-z
Daujeard C Moncel M-H Fiore I Tagliacozzo A Bindon P Raynal J-P Middle Paleolithic bone retouchers in Southeastern France: Variability and functionality Quatern Int 2014 326–327 492 518 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.022
Daujeard C, Valensi P, Fiore I, Moigne A-M, Tagliacozzo A, Moncel M-H, Santagata C, Cauche D, Raynal J-P (2018) A reappraisal of Lower to Middle Palaeolithic bone retouchers from south-eastern France. (MIS 11 to 3)
David E On the polysemic nature of traces and co-occurring patterns in anthropized material — contribution of a “retoucher” with a flaked bone aspect from Roc-en-Pail (France) Sprawozdania Archeol 2024 10.23858/sa/76.2024.1.3645
Dekker J, Sinet-Mathiot V, Spithoven M, Smit B, Wilcke A, Welker F, Verpoorte A, Soressi M (2021) Human and cervid osseous materials used for barbed point manufacture in Mesolithic Doggerland. J Archaeol Sci Rep p 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102678
Denys C, Patou-Mathis M (eds) (2014) Manuel de taphonomie. Errance, Arles. http://journals.openedition.org/racf
Desmond A Barton N Bouzouggar A Douka K Fernandez P Humphrey L Morales J Turner E Buckley M ZooMS identification of bone tools from the North African Later Stone Age J Archaeol Sci 2018 98 149 157 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhs1Kgs7nK 10.1016/j.jas.2018.08.012
Domínguez-Rodrigo M de Juana S Galán AB Rodríguez M A new protocol to differentiate trampling marks from butchery cut marks J Archaeol Sci 2009 36 2643 2654 10.1016/j.jas.2009.07.017
Domínguez-Rodrigo M Piqueras A The use of tooth pits to identify carnivore taxa in tooth-marked archaeofaunas and their relevance to reconstruct hominid carcass processing behaviours J Archaeol Sci 2003 30 1385 1391 10.1016/S0305-4403(03)00027-X
Dumont L (2023) Archéologie, science pour l’archéologie Parcours Bio-archéologie et approches naturalistes des séquences anthropisées. Mémoire de Master 2, Aix-Marseille Université
Evans Z Paskulin L Rahemtulla F Speller CF A comparison of minimally-invasive sampling techniques for ZooMS analysis of bone artifacts J Archaeol Sci Rep 2023 47 103738 10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103738
Fernández-Jalvo Y, Andrews P (2016) Atlas of taphonomic identifications. Vertebrate Paleobiology Paleoanthropology pp 1–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7432-1/COVER
Gaudzinski-Windheuser S Kindler L Research perspectives for the study of Neandertal subsistence strategies based on the analysis of archaeozoological assemblages Quatern Int 2012 247 59 68 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.11.029
Guadelli J-L La gélifraction des restes fauniques. Expérimentation et transfert au fossile Ann Paléontol 2008 94 121 165 10.1016/J.ANNPAL.2008.05.002
Guipert G de Lumley M-A Tuffreau A Mafart B Un hominidé de la fin du Pléistocène moyen: Biache-Saint-Vaast 2, Nord de la France C R Palevol 2011 10 21 33 10.1016/j.crpv.2010.10.006
Hansen J Sierra A Mata S Ballbe EG Lanaspa JR Welker F Segui MS Conte IC Combining traceological analysis and ZooMS on early Neolithic bone artefacts from the cave of Coro Trasito, NE Iberian Peninsula: Cervidae used equally to Caprinae PLoS One 2024 19 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXitFyrtL7L 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0306448 e0306448
Henri-Martin L Maillets ou enclumes en os provenant de la couche moustérienne de la Quina (Charente) Bull de la Société préhistorique de France 1906 3 155 162 10.3406/bspf.1906.11456
Hérisson D (2012) Étude des comportements des premiers Néandertaliens du Nord de la France: les occupations saaliennes des gisements de Biache-Saint-Vaast et de Therdonne. Université Lille 1 - Sciences et Technologies
Hutson JM, García-Moreno A, Noack ES, Turner E, Villaluenga A, Gaudzinski-Windheuser S (eds) (2018) The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies. Conference at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hannover, Hanovre, Germany
Jéquier C, Livraghi A, Romandini M, Peresani M (2018) Same but different: 20,000 years of bone retouchers from northern Italy. A diachronologic approach from Neanderthals to anatomically modern humans. In: Hutson J. M., García-Moreno A., Noack E.S., Turner E., Villaluenga A., Gaudzinski-Windheuser S. (eds) The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies. Conference at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hannover, Hanovre, Germany, pp 269–285
Johnson E (1985) Current Developments in Bone Technology. Adv Archaeol Method Theory 157–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-003108-5.50010-5
Julien M-A Hardy B Stahlschmidt MC Urban B Serangeli J Conard NJ Characterizing the Lower Paleolithic bone industry from Schöningen 12 II: A multi-proxy study J Hum Evol 2015 89 264 286 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.006
Kendall C Eriksen AMH Kontopoulos I Collins MJ Turner-Walker G Diagenesis of archaeological bone and tooth Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 2018 491 21 37 10.1016/J.PALAEO.2017.11.041
Klein RG The Human Career, Cambridge Universit…. 2009 Cambridge University Press 10.7208/chicago/9780226027524.001.0001
Korzow Richter K, Codlin MC, Seabrook M, Warinner C (2022) A primer for ZooMS applications in archaeology. PNAS 119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2109323119/-/DCSupplemental
Lyman LR Vertebrate Taphonomy 1994 Cambridge University Presse 10.1017/CBO9781139878302
Mallye J-B Thiébaut C Mourre V Costamagno S Claud É Weisbecker P The Mousterian bone retouchers of Noisetier Cave: Experimentation and identification of marks J Archaeol Sci 2012 39 1131 1142 10.1016/j.jas.2011.12.018
Martellotta EF Taking a closer look: The advantages and disadvantages of 3D imaging functional analysis of use-wear on bone retouchers Quatern Int 2023 665–666 34 47 10.1016/j.quaint.2023.03.009
Martellotta EF, Livraghi A, Delpiano D, Peresani M (2021) Bone retouchers from the Mousterian Quina site of De Nadale Cave (Berici Hills, north-eastern Italy). J Archaeol Sci Rep 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102864
Martisius NL Welker F Dogandžić T Grote MN Rendu W Sinet-Mathiot V Wilcke A McPherron SJP Soressi M Steele TE Non-destructive ZooMS identification reveals strategic bone tool raw material selection by Neandertals Sci Rep 2020 10.1038/s41598-020-64358-w
Mateo-Lomba P, Rivals F, Blasco R, Rosell J (2019) The use of bones as retouchers at Unit III of Teixoneres Cave (MIS 3; Moià, Barcelona, Spain). J Archaeol Sci Rep 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101980
McGrath K Rowsell K Gates St-Pierre C Tedder A Foody G Roberts C Speller C Collins M Identifying archaeological bone via non-destructive ZooMS and the materiality of symbolic expression: examples from Iroquoian bone points Sci Rep 2019 10.1038/s41598-019-47299-x
Moclán A Domínguez-Rodrigo M An experimental study of the patterned nature of anthropogenic bone breakage and its impact on bone surface modification frequencies J Archaeol Sci 2018 96 1 13 10.1016/j.jas.2018.05.007
Moigne A-M Valensi P Auguste P García-Solano J Tuffreau A Lamotte A Barroso C Moncel M-H Bone retouchers from Lower Palaeolithic sites: Terra Amata, Orgnac 3, Cagny-l’Epinette and Cueva del Angel Quatern Int 2016 409 195 212 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.06.059
Morin E Oldfield EM Baković M Bordes JG Castel JC Crevecoeur I Rougier H Monnier G Tostevin G Buckley M A double-blind comparison of morphological and collagen fingerprinting (ZooMS) methods of skeletal identifications from Paleolithic contexts Sci Rep 2023 10.1038/s41598-023-45843-4
Mozota Holgueras M (2012) El hueso como materia prima: El utillaje óseo del final del Musteriense en el sector central del norte de la Península Ibérica. PhD, Universidad de Cantabria
Mozota M (2018) Experimental programmes with retouchers: where do we stand and where do we go now? In: Hutson J. M., García-Moreno A., Noack E.S., Turner E., Villaluenga A., Gaudzinski-Windheuser S. (eds) The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies. Conference at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hannover, Hanovre, Germany, pp 15–32
Parfitt SA Bello SM Bone tools, carnivore chewing and heavy percussion: assessing conflicting interpretations of lower and upper Palaeolithic bone assemblages R Soc Open Sci 2024 10.1098/rsos.231163
Parfitt SA Lewis MD Bello SM Taphonomic and technological analyses of lower Palaeolithic bone tools from Clacton-on-Sea, UK Sci Rep 2022 10.1038/s41598-022-23989-x
Patou-Mathis M Retouchoirs, compresseurs, percuteurs.. Os à impressions et éraillures, Cahier X 2002 Paris SPF
Pérez L Hernández CM Galván B Bone retouchers from the Middle Palaeolithic site of El Salt, Stratigraphic Unit Xa (Alicante, Spain): First data and comparison with the Middle to Upper Pleistocene European record Int J Osteoarchaeol 2019 29 238 252 10.1002/oa.2732
Pétillon J-M Chauvière F-X Speller C McGrath K Rodrigues ASL Charpentier A Baleux F A gray whale in Magdalenian Perigord. Species identification of a bone projectile point from La Madeleine (Dordogne, France) using collagen fingerprinting Paléo 2019 10.4000/paleo.4736
Procopio N Hopkins RJA Harvey VL Buckley M Proteome Variation with Collagen Yield in Ancient Bone J Proteome Res 2021 20 1754 1769 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXisF2rs7s%3D 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c01014
Romandini M Terlato G Nannini N Tagliacozzo A Benazzi S Peresani M Bears and humans, a Neanderthal tale. Reconstructing uncommon behaviors from zooarchaeological evidence in southern Europe J Archaeol Sci 2018 90 71 91 10.1016/j.jas.2017.12.004
Romero AJ Yravedra J Grandal-d’Anglade A Pinto-Llona AC Neanderthal use of animal bones as retouchers at the Level XV of the Sopeña rock shelter (Asturias, northern Spain) Int J Osteoarchaeol 2023 33 1064 1079 10.1002/oa.3267
Rosell J Blasco R Fernández Peris J Carbonell E Barkai R Gopher A Recycling bones in the middle pleistocene: Some reflections from gran dolina TD10-1 (Spain), Bolomor cave (Spain) and qesem cave (Israel) Quatern Int 2015 361 297 312 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.009
Rosell J, Blasco R, Martin-Lerma I, Ran B, Gopher A (2018) When discarded bones became important: new bone retouchers from the lower sequence of Qesem Cave, Israel (ca. 300–420 ka). The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies, Conference at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hannover, Hanovre, Germany, pp 33–51
Rots V Insights into early Middle Palaeolithic tool use and hafting in Western Europe. The functional analysis of level IIa of the early Middle Palaeolithic site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (France) J Archaeol Sci 2013 40 497 506 10.1016/j.jas.2012.06.042
Rougier H (2003) Étude descriptive et comparative de Biache-Saint-Vaast 1 (Biache-Saint-Vaast, Pas-de-Calais, France). Université de Bordeaux I
Saladié P., H R., Díez C., R-H A., Cáceres I., Vallverdú J., R J., BermúdezDC J.M., C E. (2011) Carcass transport decisions in Homo antecessor subsistence strategies. J Hum Evol 61:425–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.012
Sanz M, Daura J, Rivals F, Zilhão J (2024) The residential occupation of the Gruta da Aroeira (Almonda, Portugal) cave site: shedding light on hunting and subsistence practices in the Middle Pleistocene of western Eurasia. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-02026-0
Sawafuji R Cappellini E Nagaoka T Fotakis AK Jersie-Christensen RR Olsen JV Hirata K Ueda S Proteomic profiling of archaeological human bone R Soc Open Sci 2017 10.1098/rsos.161004
Schwab C Les os à impressions magdaléniens d’Isturitz (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) et de la Vache (Ariège) Mémoires de la Société préhistorique française 2005 39 291 299
Semenov SA Prehistoric Technology: An Experimental Study of the Oldest Tools and Artefacts from Traces of Manufacture and Wear 1964 London Cory, Adams & Mackay
Sévêque N, Auguste P (2018) From west to east: Lower and Middle Palaeolithic bone retouchers in northern France. In: Hutson J. M., García-Moreno A., Noack E.S., Turner E., Villaluenga A., Gaudzinski-Windheuser S. (eds) The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies. Conference at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hannover, Hanovre, Germany, pp 133–164
Shipman P Applications of Scanning Electron Microscopy to Taphonomic Problems* Ann N Y Acad Sci 1981 376 357 385 1:STN:280:DyaL387otVKkuw%3D%3D 10.1111/J.1749-6632.1981.TB28179.X
Shoulders MD Raines RT Collagen structure and stability Annu Rev Biochem 2009 78 929 958 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXos1Ghu7k%3D 10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.032207.120833
Sinet-Mathiot V, Rendu W, Steele TE, Spasov R, Madelaine S, Renou S, Soulier M-C, Martisius NL, Aldeias V, Endarova E, Goldberg P, McPherron SJP, Rezek Z, Sandgathe D, Sirakov N, Sirakova S, Soressi M, Tsanova T, Turq A, Hublin J-J, Welker F, Smith GM (2023) Identifying the unidentified fauna enhances insights into hominin subsistence strategies during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01830-4
Sinet-Mathiot V Smith GM Romandini M Wilcke A Peresani M Hublin J-J Welker F Combining ZooMS and zooarchaeology to study late Pleistocene hominin behaviour at Fumane (Italy) Sci Rep 2019 10.1038/s41598-019-48706-z
Soulier MC Costamagno S Let the cutmarks speak! Experimental butchery to reconstruct carcass processing J Archaeol Sci Rep 2017 11 782 802 10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.12.033
Speth JD Human membership in the large carnivore guild: was it always “tooth and claw”? Quat Environ Hum 2024 2 10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100004 100004
Stiner MC, Kuhn SL, Weiner S, Bar-Yosef O (1995) Differential Burning, Recrystallization, and Fragmentation of Archaeological Bone
Tartar E (2009) De l’os à l’outil: caractérisation technique, économique et sociale de l’utilisation de l’os à l’Aurignacien ancien: étude de trois sites: l’Abri Castanet (secteur nord et sud), Brassempouy (Grotte des Hyènes et Abri Dubalen) et Gatzarria. Université Paris 1-Panthéon Sorbonne
Tartar E, Legrand-Pineau A, Claud E, Costamagno S, Discamps E, Faivre J-P (2022) Informal But Specialized: Mousterian Bone Hideworking Tools From Combe-Grenal (Dordogne, France). https://doi.org/10.48738/2022.iss2.112
Thun Hohenstein U, Bertolini M, Channarayapatna S, Modolo M, Peretto C (2018) Bone retouchers from two north Italian Middle Palaeolithic sites: Riparo Tagliente and Grotta della Ghiacciaia, Verona. In: Hutson J. M., García-Moreno A., Noack E.S., Turner E., Villaluenga A., Gaudzinski-Windheuser S. (eds) The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies. Conference at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hannover, Hanovre, Germany, pp 235–250
Tokarski C Martin E Rolando C Cren-Olivé C Identification of proteins in renaissance paintings by proteomics Anal Chem 2006 78 1494 1502 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1yhsL0%3D 10.1021/AC051181W
Tomasso A Rots V Purdue L Beyries S Buckley M Cheval C Cnuts D Coppe J Julien M-A Grenet M Lepers C M’hamdi M Simon P Sorin S Porraz G Gravettian weaponry: 23,500-year-old evidence of a composite barbed point from Les Prés de Laure (France) J Archaeol Sci 2018 100 158 175 10.1016/j.jas.2018.05.003
Tonatio G, Münzel SC, Starkovitch BM, Conard NJ (2018) Middle to Upper Palaeolithic bone retouchers from the Swabian Jura: raw materials, curation and use. In: Hutson J. M., García-Moreno A., Noack E.S., Turner E., Villaluenga A., Gaudzinski-Windheuser S. (eds) The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies. Conference at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hannover, Hanovre, Germany, pp 251–267
Tuffreau A, Sommé J (eds) (1988) Le Gisement Paléolithique Moyen de Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais). Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française
Valensi P Etude des stries de boucherie sur les ossements de cerf élaphe des niveaux supérieurs de la grotte du Lazaret (Nice, Alpes-Maritimes) L'Anthropologie 1991 95 4 797 830
van Kolfschoten T Parfitt SA Serangeli J Bello SM Lower Paleolithic bone tools from the « Spear Horizon » at Schöningen (Germany) J Hum Evol 2015 89 226 263 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.09.012
Vettese D Blasco R Cáceres I Gaudzinski-Windheuser S Moncel M-H Thun Hohenstein U Daujeard C Towards an understanding of hominin marrow extraction strategies: a proposal for a percussion mark terminology Archaeol Anthropol Sci 2020 10.1007/s12520-019-00972-8
Vettese D Daujeard C Blasco R Borel A Caceres I Moncel M-H Neandertal long bone breakage process: Standardized or random patterns? The example of Abri du Maras (Southeastern France, MIS 3) J Archaeol Sci Rep 2017 13 151 163 10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.03.029
Villa P d’Errico F Bone and ivory points in the lower and middle paleolithic of Europe J Hum Evol 2001 41 69 112 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzosVOmtA%3D%3D 10.1006/jhev.2001.0479
Villa P Mahieu E Breakage patterns of human long bones J Hum Evol 1991 21 27 48 10.1016/0047-2484(91)90034-S
Vincent A (1993) L’outillage osseux au paléolithique moyen: une nouvelle approche. Université Paris 10
von Holstein ICC Ashby SP van Doorn NL Sachs SM Buckley M Meiri M Barnes I Brundle A Collins MJ Searching for Scandinavians in pre-Viking Scotland: molecular fingerprinting of Early Medieval combs J Archaeol Sci 2014 41 1 6 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFyls73J 10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.026
Wadsworth, C., & Buckley, M. (2014). Proteome degradation in fossils: Investigating the longevity of protein survival in ancient bone. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 28(6), 605‑615 https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6821
Warinner C Korzow Richter K Collins MJ Paleoproteomics Chem Rev 2022 122 16 13401 13446 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhvVSlu7jO 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00703
Welker F Palaeoproteomics for human evolution studies Quat Sci Rev 2018 190 137 147 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.04.033
Welker F Hajdinjak M Talamo S Jaouen K Dannemann M David F Julien M Meyer M Kelso J Barnes I Brace S Kamminga P Fischer R Kessler BM Stewart JR Pääbo S Collins MJ Hublin J-J Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016 113 11162 11167 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhsFWls7bP 10.1073/pnas.1605834113
