cosmological parameters; galaxies: structure; gravitational lensing: strong; Cosmological parameters; Dark energy equation; Dark matter; Data release; Density profile; Einstein radius; Galaxies:structure; Gravitational lensing; Gravitational lensing: strong; Multiple source; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] Strong gravitational-lensing systems with multiple source planes are powerful tools for probing the density profiles and dark matter substructure of galaxies. The ratio of the Einstein radii is related to the dark energy equation of state through the cosmological scaling factor β. Galaxy-scale double-source-plane lenses (DSPLs) are extremely rare, however. We report the discovery of four new galaxy-scale DSPL candidates in the Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1) data. These systems were initially identified through a combination of machine-learning lens-finding models and subsequent visual inspection from citizens and experts. We applied the widel -used LensPop lens-forecasting model to predict that the full Euclid survey will discover 1700 DSPLs. This scales to 6 ± 3 DSPLs in 63 deg2, which is the area of Q1. The number of discoveries in this work is broadly consistent with this forecast. We present lens models for each DSPL and infer their β values. Our initial Q1 sample demonstrates that Euclid promises to discover these rare objects.
Research Center/Unit :
STAR - Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research - ULiège
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Li, T.; Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Collett, T.E.; Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Walmsley, M.; David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Lines, N.E.P.; Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Rojas, K.; Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom ; University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, Windisch, Switzerland
Nightingale, J.W.; School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
Enzi, W.J.R.; Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Moustakas, L.A.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Krawczyk, C.; Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Gavazzi, R.; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France ; Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Despali, G.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Holloway, P.; Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Schuldt, S.; Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy ; INAF-IASF Milano, Milano, Italy
Courbin, F.; Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
Metcalf, R.B.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Ballard, D.J.; Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom ; Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Australia
Verma, A.; Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Clément, B.; Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, Versoix, Switzerland ; SCITAS, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
Degaudenzi, H.; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Melo, A.; Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching, Germany ; Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, Garching, Germany
Acevedo Barroso, J.A.; Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, Versoix, Switzerland
Leuzzi, L.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Manjón-García, A.; Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
Pearce-Casey, R.; School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
Sluse, Dominique ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Tortora, C.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy
Massey, R.; Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
Mahler, Guillaume ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Multi-wavelength Extragalactic and Galactic Astrophysics (MEGA) ; Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
More, A.; The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, India ; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
Aghanim, N.; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, Orsay, France
Altieri, B.; ESAC/ESA, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
Amara, A.; School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
Andreon, S.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy
Auricchio, N.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Aussel, H.; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Baccigalupi, C.; IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
Baldi, M.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Balestra, A.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Bardelli, S.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Battaglia, P.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Bender, R.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany ; Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
Bernardeau, F.; Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France ; Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Biviano, A.; IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Bonchi, A.; Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Roma, Italy
Branchini, E.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
Brescia, M.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy ; Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Napoli, Italy
Brinchmann, J.; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Camera, S.; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Italy
Cañas-Herrera, G.; European Space Agency/ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands ; Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands ; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
Capobianco, V.; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Italy
Carbone, C.; INAF-IASF Milano, Milano, Italy
Cardone, V.F.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
Carretero, J.; Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain ; Port d’Informació Científica, Barcelona, Spain
Casas, S.; Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Castellano, M.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
Castignani, G.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Cavuoti, S.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy ; INFN section of Naples, Napoli, Italy
Chambers, K.C.; Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, United States
Cimatti, A.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Colodro-Conde, C.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
Congedo, G.; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Conselice, C.J.; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Conversi, L.; ESAC/ESA, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain ; European Space Agency/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy
Copin, Y.; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, France
Cropper, M.; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, United Kingdom
Da Silva, A.; Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
De Lucia, G.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Di Giorgio, A.M.; INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
Dolding, C.; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, United Kingdom
Dole, H.; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, Orsay, France
Dubath, F.; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Duncan, C.A.J.; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Dupac, X.; ESAC/ESA, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
Escoffier, S.; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
Fabricius, M.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany ; Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
Farina, M.; INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
Farinelli, R.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Faustini, F.; Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Roma, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
Ferriol, S.; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, France
Finelli, F.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INFN-Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Fotopoulou, S.; School of Physics, University of Bristol, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Bristol, United Kingdom
Frailis, M.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Franceschi, E.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Galeotta, S.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Gillard, W.; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
Gillis, B.; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Giocoli, C.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Gómez-Alvarez, P.; ESAC/ESA, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain ; FRACTAL S.L.N.E., Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain
Gracia-Carpio, J.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
Granett, B.R.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy
Grazian, A.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Grupp, F.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany ; Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
Haugan, S.V.H.; Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Holmes, W.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Hook, I.M.; Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Hormuth, F.; Felix Hormuth Engineering, Leimen, Germany
Hornstrup, A.; Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark ; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen N, Denmark
Hudelot, P.; Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Jahnke, K.; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany
Jhabvala, M.; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, United States
Joachimi, B.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Keihänen, E.; Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland
Kermiche, S.; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
Kiessling, A.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Kubik, B.; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, France
Kümmel, M.; Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
Kunz, M.; Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Genève, Switzerland
Kurki-Suonio, H.; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland ; Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Le Boulc’h, Q.; Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
Le Brun, A.M.C.; Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Meudon, France
Le Mignant, D.; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Ligori, S.; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Italy
Lilje, P.B.; Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Lindholm, V.; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland ; Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Lloro, I.; SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
Mainetti, G.; Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
Maino, D.; Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy ; INAF-IASF Milano, Milano, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
Maiorano, E.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Mansutti, O.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Marcin, S.; University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Computer Science, Windisch, Switzerland
Marggraf, O.; Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Bonn, Germany
Martinelli, M.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
Martinet, N.; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Marulli, F.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Maurogordato, S.; Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
Medinaceli, E.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Mei, S.; Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France ; CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binetruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, United States
Mellier, Y.; Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France ; Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France
Meneghetti, M.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Merlin, E.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
Meylan, G.; Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, Versoix, Switzerland
Mora, A.; Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
Moresco, M.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Moscardini, L.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Nakajima, R.; Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Bonn, Germany
Neissner, C.; Port d’Informació Científica, Barcelona, Spain ; Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
Nichol, R.C.; School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
Niemi, S.-M.; European Space Agency/ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands
Padilla, C.; Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
Paltani, S.; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Pasian, F.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Pedersen, K.; DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Percival, W.J.; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada ; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Canada
Pettorino, V.; European Space Agency/ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands
Pires, S.; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Polenta, G.; Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Roma, Italy
Poncet, M.; Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Popa, L.A.; Institute of Space Science, Măgurele, Romania
Pozzetti, L.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Raison, F.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
Rebolo, R.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Renzi, A.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INFN-Padova, Padova, Italy
Rhodes, J.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Riccio, G.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy
Romelli, E.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Roncarelli, M.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Saglia, R.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany ; Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
Sakr, Z.; Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ; Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Toulouse, France ; Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
Sapone, D.; Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Sartoris, B.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
Schewtschenko, J.A.; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Schirmer, M.; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany
Schneider, P.; Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Bonn, Germany
Schrabback, T.; Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Innsbruck, Austria
Secroun, A.; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
Seidel, G.; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany
Seiffert, M.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Serrano, S.; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Castelldefels, Spain ; Satlantis, University Science Park, Bilbao, Spain ; Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
Simon, P.; Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Bonn, Germany
Sirignano, C.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INFN-Padova, Padova, Italy
Sirri, G.; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Spurio Mancini, A.; Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom
Stanco, L.; INFN-Padova, Padova, Italy
Steinwagner, J.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
Tallada-Crespí, P.; Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain ; Port d’Informació Científica, Barcelona, Spain
Taylor, A.N.; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Tereno, I.; Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Tessore, N.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Toft, S.; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen N, Denmark ; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Toledo-Moreo, R.; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Cartagena, Spain
Torradeflot, F.; Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain ; Port d’Informació Científica, Barcelona, Spain
Tutusaus, I.; Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Toulouse, France
Valentijn, E.A.; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Valenziano, L.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INFN-Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Valiviita, J.; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland ; Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Vassallo, T.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
Verdoes Kleijn, G.; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Veropalumbo, A.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
Wang, Y.; Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Weller, J.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany ; Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
Zacchei, A.; IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Zamorani, G.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Zerbi, F.M.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy
Zucca, E.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Allevato, V.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy
Ballardini, M.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Bolzonella, M.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Bozzo, E.; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Cabanac, R.; Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Toulouse, France
Cappi, A.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
Di Ferdinando, D.; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Escartin Vigo, J.A.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
Gabarra, L.; Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Huertas-Company, M.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain ; Université PSL, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LERMA, Paris, France ; Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
Martín-Fleitas, J.; Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
Matthew, S.; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Mauri, N.; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Pezzotta, A.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany ; INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate, Italy
Pöntinen, M.; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland
Porciani, C.; Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Bonn, Germany
Risso, I.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy
Scottez, V.; Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France ; ICL, Junia, LITL, Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
Sereno, M.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Tenti, M.; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Viel, M.; IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy ; ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Bologna, Italy
Wiesmann, M.; Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Akrami, Y.; Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain ; CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
Alvi, S.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Andika, I.T.; Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching, Germany ; Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, Garching, Germany
Anselmi, S.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INFN-Padova, Padova, Italy ; Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
Archidiacono, M.; Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
Atrio-Barandela, F.; Departamento de Física Fundamental, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Benson, K.; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, United Kingdom
Bergamini, P.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
Bertacca, D.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INFN-Padova, Padova, Italy
Bethermin, M.; Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
Blanchard, A.; Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Toulouse, France
Blot, L.; Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France ; Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
Brown, M.L.; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Bruton, S.; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Calabro, A.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
Caro, F.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
Carvalho, C.S.; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Castro, T.; IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Bologna, Italy
Cogato, F.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Cooray, A.R.; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
Cucciati, O.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Davini, S.; INFN-Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
De Paolis, F.; Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy ; INAF-Sezione di Lecce, Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Lecce, Italy
Desprez, G.; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Díaz-Sánchez, A.; Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
Diaz, J.J.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Di Domizio, S.; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
Diego, J.M.; Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
Duc, P.-A.; Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
Enia, A.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Ferrari, A.G.; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Ferreira, P.G.; Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Finoguenov, A.; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland
Fontana, A.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
Franco, A.; Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy ; INAF-Sezione di Lecce, Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Lecce, Italy
Ganga, K.; Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France
García-Bellido, J.; Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
Gasparetto, T.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Gautard, V.; DFR/IRFU, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Gaztanaga, E.; Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom ; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Castelldefels, Spain ; Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
Giacomini, F.; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Gianotti, F.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Gozaliasl, G.; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
Guidi, M.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Gutierrez, C.M.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica de la Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Hall, A.; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Hartley, W.G.; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Hernández-Monteagudo, C.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Hildebrandt, H.; Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), Germany
Hjorth, J.; DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Jauzac, M.; Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom ; Astrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa ; School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
Kajava, J.J.E.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Finland ; Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
Kang, Y.; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Kansal, V.; ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia ; Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
Karagiannis, D.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
Kiiveri, K.; Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland
Kirkpatrick, C.C.; Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland
Kruk, S.; ESAC/ESA, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
Le Graet, J.; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
Legrand, L.; DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Lembo, M.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Lepori, F.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Leroy, G.; Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
Lesci, G.F.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Lesgourgues, J.; Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Liaudat, T.I.; IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Loureiro, A.; Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden ; Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Maggio, G.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Magliocchetti, M.; INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
Mannucci, F.; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy
Maoli, R.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
Martins, C.J.A.P.; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Maurin, L.; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, Orsay, France
Migliaccio, M.; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Roma, Italy
Miluzio, M.; ESAC/ESA, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain ; HE Space for European Space Agency (ESA), Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
Monaco, P.; IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Moretti, C.; IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy ; ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Bologna, Italy
Morgante, G.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Nadathur, S.; Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Naidoo, K.; Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Navarro-Alsina, A.; Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Bonn, Germany
Nesseris, S.; Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
Passalacqua, F.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INFN-Padova, Padova, Italy
Paterson, K.; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany
Patrizii, L.; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Pisani, A.; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
Potter, D.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Quai, S.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Radovich, M.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rocci, P.-F.; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, Orsay, France
Sacquegna, S.; Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy ; INAF-Sezione di Lecce, Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Lecce, Italy
Sahlén, M.; Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Sanders, D.B.; Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, United States
Sarpa, E.; INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy ; SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy ; ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Bologna, Italy
Scarlata, C.; Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
Schneider, A.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Sciotti, D.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
Sellentin, E.; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands ; Mathematical Institute, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
Smith, L.C.; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Tanidis, K.; Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Testera, G.; INFN-Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
Teyssier, R.; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
Tosi, S.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy ; INFN-Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
Troja, A.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INFN-Padova, Padova, Italy
Tucci, M.; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Valieri, C.; INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Venhola, A.; Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Vergani, D.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Vernardos, G.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College of the CUNY, Bronx, United States ; American Museum of Natural History, Department of Astrophysics, New York, United States
Verza, G.; Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, United States
Vielzeuf, P.; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
Walton, N.A.; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Wilde, J.; Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Barcelona, Spain
Scott, D.; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
ERC - European Research Council Royal Society BELSPO - Belgian Federal Science Policy Office
Funding number :
4000143347
Funding text :
Numerical computations were done on the Sciama High Performance Compute (HPC) cluster, which is supported by the ICG, SEPNet, and the University of Portsmouth. This work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (LensEra: grant agreement No 945536). TC is funded by the Royal Society through a University Research Fellowship. CT acknowledges the INAF grant 2022 LEMON. For the purpose of open access, the authors have applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising. The Euclid Consortium acknowledges the European Space Agency and a number of agencies and institutes that have supported the development ofEuclid, in particular the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Austrian Forschungsf\u00F6rderungsgesellschaft funded through BMK, the Belgian Science Policy, the Canadian Euclid Consortium, the Deutsches Zentrum f\u00FCr Luft- und Raumfahrt, the DTU Space and the Niels Bohr Institute in Denmark, the French Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales, the Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00F3n y Universidades, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, the Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie, the Norwegian Space Agency, the Research Council of Finland, the Romanian Space Agency, the State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space Office (SSO), and the United Kingdom Space Agency. A complete and detailed list is available on theEuclidweb site (https://www.euclid-ec.org).
