MeerKAT measurement of the radio emission from massive stars in the Galactic plane. I. Wolf-Rayet stars

Massive stars, including Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, are predominantly found in binary systems. These systems are known to emit both thermal emission from stellar winds and, occasionally, non-thermal emission produced by relativistic electrons accelerated in the wind-wind interaction region.
We intend to provide the most complete census of radio emission from WR stars in the Galactic plane, using the SARAO Meerkat Galactic Plane Survey (SMGPS) complemented by the MeerKAT Galactic Center Survey (MGCS). Our main motivation is to identify hints of synchrotron radio emission indicative of particle-accelerating colliding-wind binaries (PACWBs).
We compiled an input catalogue of 428 WR stars positionally covered by the SMGPS and the MGCS. Using the survey data, we measured the radio emission at 1.3 GHz for detected WR stars. We also measured the upper limits for objects located in sufficiently low radio background regions. For detected objects, we searched for a radio excess by comparing the measured fluxes to two different evaluators of the thermal emission from massive star winds.
We detected 23 targets and determined the upper limits for 279 WR stars. Among the detected objects, 15 display a (significant or potential) radio excess that cannot be explained by unresolved circumstellar emission of any kind. After removing already known PACWBs, we report the identification of 12 potential new PACWB candidates.
Our study has led to the compilation of the most extensive catalogue of Galactic WR radio (snapshot) emission to date, based on a homogeneous dataset covering the Galactic plane. The low detection rate indicates either a low occurrence rate of synchrotron emission or substantial attenuation by turnover processes that are clearly dominated by free-free absorption from the WR wind material. Our results open the door to dedicated follow-up observations aimed at ascertaining the nature of the identified radio excesses.