Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): XX. The active galaxies of Euclid

catalogs; galaxies: active; surveys; Active - galaxies; Active galactic nuclei; Catalog; Dark energy; Data release; Galaxies active; Spectroscopic information; Spectroscopic instrument; Surface density; Wide-field; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science

Abstract :

We present three catalogues of candidate active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the Euclid Quick Release (Q1) fields. For each Euclid source, we collected multi-wavelength photometric and spectroscopic information from surveys such as the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX), Gaia, the Dark Energy Survey (DES), the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Spitzer, the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), including spectroscopic redshifts from public compilations when available. We investigated the AGN content of the Q1 fields using multiple selection methods. Applying Euclid colours and WISE-AllWISE cuts, we identified 292 222 and 65 131 candidates, respectively. We compiled a high-purity QSO catalogue based on Gaia DR3 information, containing 1971 candidates. Using spectroscopic information from DESI, we performed broad-line and narrow-line AGN selections, yielding 4392 AGN candidates across the Q1 fields. We investigated and refined the Euclid Q1 probabilistic random forest QSO population, selecting a refined sample of 180 666 candidates. Additionally, we performed spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting on sources with available zspec, and utilising the derived AGN fraction, we identified 7766 AGN candidates. To improve the purity of the selection, we defined two new colour criteria (JH_IE Y and IE H_gz), finding 313 714 and 267 513 candidates, respectively, across the Q1 fields. We have found a total of 229 779 AGN candidates equivalent to an AGN surface density of 3641 deg−2 for 18 < IE ≤ 24.5 and a subsample of 30 422 candidates corresponding to an AGN surface density of 482 deg−2 when limiting the depth to 18 < IE ≤ 22. The AGN surface densities recovered are consistent with predictions based on AGN X-ray luminosity functions.

Research Center/Unit :

STAR - Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research - ULiège

Disciplines :

Space science, astronomy & astrophysics

Author, co-author :

Matamoro Zatarain, T.; School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Fotopoulou, S.; School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Ricci, F.; Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy

Bolzonella, M.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

La Franca, F.; Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy

Viitanen, A.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Italy ; Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland

Zamorani, G.; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Taylor, M.B.; School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Mezcua, M.; Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Castelldefels, Spain

Laloux, B.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy ; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany

More authors (348 more)

Language :

English

Title :

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): XX. The active galaxies of Euclid

Publication date :

July 2026

Journal title :

Astronomy and Astrophysics

ISSN :

0004-6361

eISSN :

1432-0746

Publisher :

EDP Sciences

Volume :

711

Pages :

A20

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202554619/pdf

Funders :

BELSPO - Belgian Federal Science Policy Office

Funding number :

4000143347

Funding text :

This work has made use of theEuclidQuick Release Q1 data from theEuclidmission of the European Space Agency (ESA), 2025,https://doi.org/10.57780/esa-2853f3b. The Euclid Consortium acknowledges the European Space Agency and a number of agencies and institutes that have supported the development ofEuclid, in particular the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Austrian Forschungsf\u00F6rderungsgesellschaft funded through BMK, the Belgian Science Policy, the Canadian Euclid Consortium, the Deutsches Zentrum f\u00FCr Luft- und Raumfahrt, the DTU Space and the Niels Bohr Institute in Denmark, the French Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales, the Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00F3n y Universidades, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, the Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie, the Norwegian Space Agency, the Research Council of Finland, the Romanian Space Agency, the State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space Office (SSO), and the United Kingdom Space Agency. A complete and detailed list is available on theEuclidweb site (https://www.euclid-ec.org). Based on data from UNIONS, a scientific collaboration using three Hawaii-based telescopes: CFHT, Pan-STARRS, and Subaruhttps://www.skysurvey.cc. Based on data from the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) on the Blanco 4-m Telescope at CTIO in Chilehttps://www.darkenergysurvey.org. This work uses results from the ESA missionGaia, whose data are being processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortiumhttps://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia. This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This publication is partially based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA, and has made use of the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, which is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and operated by the California Institute of Technology. This research is based on observations made with the Galaxy Evolution Explorer, obtained from the MAST data archive at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5\u201326555. We thank the MAST team for providing the GALEX catalogue in a convenient format. DESI construction and operations is managed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. This research is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High-Energy Physics, under Contract No. DE\u2013AC02\u201305CH11231, and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract. Additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under Contract No. AST-0950945 to the NSF\u2019s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory; the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACYT); the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain, and by the DESI Member Institutions. The DESI collaboration is honored to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du\u2019ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O\u2019odham Nation Funding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, and the Participating Institutions. SDSS-IV acknowledges support and resources from the Center for High Performance Computing at the University of Utah. The SDSS website ishttps://www.sdss4.org. SDSS-IV is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS Collaboration including the Brazilian Participation Group, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, the Chilean Participation Group, the French Participation Group, Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias, The Johns Hopkins University, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU)/University of Tokyo, the Korean Participation Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Leibniz Institut f\u00FCr Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Max-Planck-Institut f\u00FCr Astronomie (MPIA Heidelberg), Max-Planck-Institut f\u00FCr Astrophysik (MPA Garching), Max-Planck-Institut f\u00FCr Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), National Astronomical Observatories of China, New Mexico State University, New York University, University of Notre Dame, Observat\u00E1rio Nacional/MCTI, The Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, United Kingdom Participation Group, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00F3noma de M\u00E9xico, University of Arizona, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Oxford, University of Portsmouth, University of Utah, University of Virginia, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Vanderbilt University, and Yale University. This work has benefited from the support of Royal Society Research Grant RGS\\R1\\231450. This research was supported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team project #23-573 \u201CActive Galactic Nuclei in Next Generation Surveys\u201D. F. R., L. B.,V. A, B. L.,J. C.,F. LF., and A. B. acknowledge the support from the INAF Large Grant \u201CAGN & Euclid: a close entanglement\u201D Ob. Fu. 01.05.23.01.14. A. F. acknowledges the support from project \u201CVLT- MOONS\u201D CRAM 1.05.03.07, INAF Large Grant 2022, \u201CThe metal circle: a new sharp view of the baryon cycle up to Cosmic Dawn with the latest generation IFU facilities\u201D and INAF Large Grant 2022 \u201CDual and binary SMBH in the multi-messenger era\u201D.

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