The L1014F Kdr mutation is associated with a higher prevalence and load of the Plasmodium-blocking symbiont Microsporidia MB In Anopheles Gambiae s.l. In Benin. - 2026
The L1014F Kdr mutation is associated with a higher prevalence and load of the Plasmodium-blocking symbiont Microsporidia MB In Anopheles Gambiae s.l. In Benin.
[en] INTRODUCTION: The Plasmodium transmission-blocking endosymbiont Microsporidia MB was previously identified in Anopheles gambiae s.l., but its association with the carriage of the genotypes of the L1014F kdr mutation, as well as the ecological factors driving its geographical distribution remain understudied. METHODS: Adult mosquitoes were field-collected using human landing catches (HLCs) across 60 villages in the Covè, Ouinhi, and Zangnanado communes of southern Benin. After morphological identification, a sub-sample of An. gambiae s.l. were molecularly speciated, and genotypied for the L1014F kdr mutation by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and qPCR were also used to assess infection with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites and Microsporidia MB, respectively. The environmental variables that drive the habitat suitability for Microsporidia MB were also assessed using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modelling. RESULTS: The An. gambiae complex (N = 1040) was composed of 93.7% An. coluzzii, 4.4% An. gambiae s.s., 0.2% An. gambiae s.s./coluzzii hybrids, while the rest failed to amplify. Infection prevalence with Microsporidia MB was 1.6% (95% CI: 0.7–3.3) in An. coluzzii and 2.2% (95% CI: 0.1–13.2) in An. gambiae s.s. The P. falciparum sporozoite rate was 2% (95% CI: 1.2–3.1, N = 974) in An. coluzzii, and null in An. gambiae s.s. (N = 46). None of the mosquitoes infected with Microsporidia MB were infected with P. falciparum. The frequency of the L1014F kdr mutation was 75.1% (95% CI: 73.1–76.9) in An. coluzzii and 91.3% (95% CI: 83.1–95.9) in An. gambiae s.s. Microsporidia MB was absent in kdr-SS mosquitoes but was present in low proportions in both kdr-RS and kdr-RR mosquitoes (1.9%, 95% CI: 0.6–5.1). The mean load of Microsporidia MB DNA was higher in kdr-RR (23.23 ng/µl, 95% CI: 18.77–28.48) compared to kdr-RS (10.13 ng/µl, 95% CI: 7.36–13.91) mosquitoes. The elevation and soil contributed to explain, at 78% and 20% respectively, the habitat suitability for Microsporidia MB. CONCLUSION: In this study, we demonstrated that An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes bearing the L1014F kdr resistant allele was associated with a higher prevalence and load of Microsporidia MB than their susceptible counterparts. Moreover, the geographical distribution of Microsporidia MB was found to be influenced by certain environmental conditions, which warrant further large-scale investigations.
Disciplines :
Entomology & pest control
Author, co-author :
Sovi, Arthur; Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin ; Disease Control Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Ahouandjinou, Minassou Juvenal; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin ; National University of Agriculture, Kétou, Benin
Aïkpon, Rock; National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, Abomey, Benin ; National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Cotonou, Benin
Totongnon, Gérard S; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin ; University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
Yovogan, Boulais; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
Syme, Thomas; Disease Control Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Dembélé, Abdramane; University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali. mamadoukamanabdramane@gmail.com
Koukpo, Come Zinsou; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
Sagbohan, Hermann; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
Ossè, Razaki; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin ; National University of Agriculture, Kétou, Benin
Agbo-Ola, Andil; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin ; University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
Gnanguenon, Virgile; Gnanguenon Global Health Consulting, Porto-Novo, Bénin
Toffodji, Ulrick; Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
Caparros Megido, Rudy ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Entomologie, Phytopathologie et Productions Innovantes (EPPI)
Hougbe, Steve Zinsou; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
Zoungbédji, David Mahouton; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
Konkon, Alphonse Keller; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
Cook, Jackie; MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Padonou, Germain Gil; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin ; University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
Protopopoff, Natacha; Disease Control Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK ; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland ; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Akogbéto, Martin C; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
Messenger, Louisa A; Disease Control Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK ; Parasitology and Vector Biology (PARAVEC) Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA ; Department of Environmental & Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
Adoha, Constantin J; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
The L1014F Kdr mutation is associated with a higher prevalence and load of the Plasmodium-blocking symbiont Microsporidia MB In Anopheles Gambiae s.l. In Benin.
This study, which is part of a larger project, \u201CThe New Nets Project\u201D, was financially supported by a grant to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine from UNITAID and the Global Fund via the Innovative Vector Control Consortium (IVCC).
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