Humans; Sleep/physiology; Global Health; Animals; One Health; Sleep Quality; Environment, Exposome; Sleep Health
Abstract :
[en] Sleep is a non-negotiable necessity for humans and animals and a cornerstone of health. Research is recently undergoing a paradigm shift, moving from a focus on individual factors to macro-level influences on sleep health. The physical, social, and lifestyle exposome increasingly disrupts human and animal sleep, highlighting shared vulnerabilities and potential health risks across species within shared ecosystems. Yet, the interactions among sleep, whole-body health, and exposome factors remain elusive. Here, we propose a novel integrative One Sleep Health framework that recognizes sleep as a fundamental pillar of planetary health and highlights how environmental factors influence it in the modern era. It incorporates the sleep capital concept-the cumulative health, social, and economic benefits of high sleep quality-into a global sleep health agenda. By adopting a transdisciplinary lens encompassing neuroscience, medicine, environmental science, and public health, this framework aims to bridge critical gaps in global sleep research and diplomacy.
Disciplines :
Neurosciences & behavior
Author, co-author :
Tahmasian, Masoud; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany. Electronic address: m.tahmasian@fz-juelich.de.
Küppers, Vincent; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany.
Genon, Sarah ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques
Eickhoff, Simon B; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Golombek, Diego A; Laboratorio Interdisciplinario del Tiempo (LITERA), Department of Life and Behavioral Sciences, Universidad de San Andrés/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Ibanez, Agustin; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile, Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34815, Türkiye, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, 08005 Barcelona, Spain, Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Language :
English
Title :
Elevating sleep to a global health priority: The One Sleep Health framework.
Lim, D.C., Najafi, A., Afifi, L., Bassetti, C.L., Buysse, D.J., Han, F., Hogl B., Melaku, Y.A., Morin, C.M., Pack, A.I., et al. (2023). The need to promote sleep health in public health agendas across the globe. Lancet. Public Health 8, e820-e826. 10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00182-2.
Schramme, T. (2023). Health as Complete Well-Being: The WHO Definition and Beyond. Public Health Ethics 16, 210-218. 10.1093/phe/phad017.
Hale, L., Troxel, W., and Buysse, D.J. (2020). Sleep Health: An Opportunity for Public Health to Address Health Equity. Annu. Rev. Public Health 41, 81-99. 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094412.
van Straten, A., Weinreich, K.J., Fábián, B., Reesen, J., Grigori, S., Luik, A.I., Harrer, M., and Lancee, J. (2025). The Prevalence of Insomnia Disorder in the General Population: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sleep Research n/a, e70089. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70089.
Benjafield, A.V., Ayas, N.T., Eastwood, P.R., Heinzer, R., Ip, M.S.M., Morrell, M.J., Nunez, C.M., Patel, S.R., Penzel, T., Pepin, J.-L., et al. (2019). Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: a literature-based analysis. Lancet. Respir. Med. 7, 687-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30198-5.
Nie, Q., Shen, Y., Luo, M., Sheng, Z., Zhou, R., Li, G., Huang, W., and Chen, S. (2024). Analysis of sleep for the American population: Result from NHANES database. J. Affect. Disord. 347, 134-143. 10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.082.
Iannella, G., Pace, A., Bellizzi, M.G., Magliulo, G., Greco, A., De Virgilio, A., Croce, E., Gioacchini, F.M., Re, M., Costantino, A., et al. (2025). The Global Burden of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Diagnostics (Basel) 15. 1088, 10.3390/diagnostics15091088.
Hafner, M., Stepanek, M., Taylor, J., Troxel, W.M., and van Stolk, C. (2017). Why Sleep Matters-The Economic Costs of Insufficient Sleep: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis. Rand Health Q. 6, 11.
Legaz, A., Moguilner, S., Barttfeld, P., Cuadros Castro, J., Galvan Rial, D.S., Migeot, J., Farina, F.R., Gonzalez-Gomez, R., Salazar-Londono, S., de Souza Azzi, T., et al. (2026). The exposome of brain aging across 34 countries. Nat. Med. 10.1038/s41591-026-04302-z.
Mahdipour, M., Maleki Balajoo, S., Raimondo, F., Wu, J., Nicolaisen-Sobesky, E., More, S., Hoffstaedter, F., Schwender, H., Tahmasian, M., Eickhoff, S.B., and Genon, S. (2026). Exposome-wide patterns predict brain health in aging. Nat. Commun. 17, 3409. 10.1038/s41467-026-71271-9.
Genon S., Ibanez A., Tahmasian M., Eickhoff S.B. Linking the exposome to the brain–behaviour phenotype. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-026-01049-x.
Hernandez, H., Santamaria-Garcia, H., Moguilner, S., Farina, F.R., Legaz, A., Prado, P., Cuadros, J., Gonzalez, L., Gonzalez-Gomez, R., Migeot, J., et al. (2025). 31, 3089, 3100, The exposome of healthy and accelerated aging across 40 countries. Nat. Med. 10.1038/s41591-025-03808-2.
Xu, J., Liu, N., Polemiti, E., Garcia-Mondragon, L., Tang, J., Liu, X., Lett, T., Yu, L., Nothen, M.M., Feng, J., et al. (2023). Effects of urban living environments on mental health in adults. Nat. Med. 29, 1456-1467. 10.1038/s41591-023-02365-w.
Liu, J., Ghastine, L., Um, P., Rovit, E., and Wu, T. (2021). Environmental exposures and sleep outcomes: A review of evidence, potential mechanisms, and implications. Environ. Res. 196, 110406. 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110406.
Chung, J., Moloney, M.E., Seixas, A.A., and Jackson, C.L. (2025). The environment around the sleeper is changing: a perspective. Sleep 48. zsaf235, 10.1093/sleep/zsaf235.
Ibanez, A., Melloni, L., Swieboda, P., Hynes, W., Ikiz, B., Ayadi, R., Thioye, M., Walss-Bass, C., Guntekin, B., Mishra, J., et al. (2024). Neuroecological links of the exposome and One Health. Neuron 112, 1905-1910. 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.016.
Winkler, A.S., Brux, C.M., Carabin, H., das Neves, C.G., Hasler, B., Zinsstag, J., Fevre, E.M., Okello, A., Laing, G., Harrison, W.E., et al. (2025). The Lancet One Health Commission: harnessing our interconnectedness for equitable, sustainable, and healthy socioecological systems. The Lancet 406, 501-570. 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00627-0.
Golombek, D.A., Eyre, H., Spiousas, I., Casiraghi, L.P., Hartikainen, K.M., Partonen, T., Pyykko, M., Reynolds, C.F., 2025, Hynes, W.M., Bassetti, C.L.A., et al. (2025). Sleep Capital: Linking Brain Health to Wellbeing and Economic Productivity Across the Lifespan. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 33, 92-106. 10.1016/j.jagp.2024.07.011.
Golombek, D.A., Booi, L., Campbell, D., Dawson, W.D., Eyre, H., Lawlor, B., and Ibanez, A. (2023). Sleep diplomacy: an approach to boosting global brain health. Lancet. Healthy Longev. 4, e368-e370. 10.1016/S2666-7568(23)00109-5.
Fjell, A.M., and Walhovd, K.B. (2024). Individual sleep need is flexible and dynamically related to cognitive function. Nat. Hum. Behav. 8, 422-430. 10.1038/s41562-024-01827-6.
Coutrot, A., Lazar, A.S., Richards, M., Manley, E., Wiener, J.M., Dalton, R.C., Hornberger, M., and Spiers, H.J. (2022). Reported sleep duration reveals segmentation of the adult life-course into three phases. Nat. Commun. 13, 7697. 10.1038/s41467-022-34624-8.
Willoughby, A.R., Alikhani, I., Karsikas, M., Chua, X.Y., and Chee, M.W.L. (2023). Country differences in nocturnal sleep variability: Observations from a large-scale, long-term sleep wearable study. Sleep Med. 110, 155-165. 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.08.010.
Spiegelhalder, K., Baglioni, C., Morin, C.M., Nissen, C., Palagini, L., Perlis, M.L., Scott, H., and Riemann, D. (2026). Insomnia disorder. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 12, 17. 10.1038/s41572-026-00693-y.
Ellis, J.G., Perlis, M.L., Espie, C.A., Grandner, M.A., Bastien, C.H., Barclay, N.L., Altena, E., and Gardani, M. (2021). The natural history of insomnia: predisposing, precipitating, coping, and perpetuating factors over the early developmental course of insomnia. Sleep 44. zsab095, 10.1093/sleep/zsab095.
Dressle, R.J., and Riemann, D. (2023). Hyperarousal in insomnia disorder: Current evidence and potential mechanisms. J. Sleep Res. 32, e13928. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13928.
Morrison, C.L., Winiger, E.A., Wright, K.P., and Friedman, N.P. (2024). Multivariate genome-wide association study of sleep health demonstrates unity and diversity. Sleep 47. zsad320, 10.1093/sleep/zsad320.
Burns, A.C., Phillips, A.J.K., Rutter, M.K., Saxena, R., Cain, S.W., and Lane, J.M. (2023). Genome-wide gene by environment study of time spent in daylight and chronotype identifies emerging genetic architecture underlying light sensitivity. Sleep 46. zsac287, 10.1093/sleep/zsac287.
Musiek, E.S., and Ju, Y.-E.S. (2022). Targeting Sleep and Circadian Function in the Prevention of Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol. 79, 835-836. 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.1732.
Li, Y., Sahakian, B.J., Kang, J., Langley, C., Zhang, W., Xie, C., Xiang, S., Yu, J., Cheng, W., and Feng, J. (2022). The brain structure and genetic mechanisms underlying the nonlinear association between sleep duration, cognition and mental health. Nat. Aging 2, 425-437. 10.1038/s43587-022-00210-2.
Li, Y., Gong, W., Sahakian, B.J., Huang, S., Zhang, W., Zhao, Y., Ma, L., Naismith, S., Yu, J., Jia, T., et al. (2025). Divergent biological pathways linking short and long sleep durations to mental and physical health. Nat. Ment. Health 3, 429-443. 10.1038/s44220-025-00395-6.
Keil, S.A., Jansson, D., Braun, M., and Iliff, J.J. (2025). Glymphatic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: A critical appraisal. Science 389, eadv8269. 10.1126/science.adv8269.
Tahmasian, M., Elberse, J.D., Ahmadi, R., Liu, W., Rosenzweig, I., Genon, S., Eickhoff, S.B., and Mander, B.A. (2026). Sleep disturbances and Alzheimer’s disease: a multiscale approach from exposome to neurobiology and precision medicine. GeroScience. 10.1007/s11357-026-02152-8.
Hauglund, N.L., Andersen, M., Tokarska, K., Radovanovic, T., Kjaerby, C., Soerensen, F.L., Bojarowska, Z., Untiet, V., Ballestero, S.B., Kolmos, M.G., et al. (2025). Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep. Cell 188, 606-622.e17. 10.1016/j.cell.2024.11.027.
Eide, P.K., Vinje, V., Pripp, A.H., Mardal, K.-A., and Ringstad, G. (2021). Sleep deprivation impairs molecular clearance from the human brain. Brain. 144, 863-874. 10.1093/brain/awaa443.
Holth, J.K., Fritschi, S.K., Wang, C., Pedersen, N.P., Cirrito, J.R., Mahan, T.E., Finn, M.B., Manis, M., Geerling, J.C., Fuller, P.M., et al. (2019). The sleep-wake cycle regulates brain interstitial fluid tau in mice and CSF tau in humans. Science 363, 880-884. 10.1126/science.aav2546.
Elberse, J.D., Saberi, A., Ahmadi, R., Changizi, M., Bi, H., Hoffstaedter, F., Mander, B.A., Eickhoff, S.B., Tahmasian, M., and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, I. (2024). The interplay between insomnia symptoms and Alzheimer's disease across three main brain networks. Sleep 47. zsae145, 10.1093/sleep/zsae145.
Akradi, M., Farzane-Daghigh, T., Ebneabbasi, A., Bi, H., Drzezga, A., Mander, B.A., Eickhoff, S.B., and Tahmasian, M., Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2025). 154, 16, 24, How is self-reported sleep-disordered breathing linked with biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease? Neurobiol. Aging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2025.06.006.
Reimann, G.M., Hoseini, A., Kocak, M., Beste, M., Kuppers, V., Rosenzweig, I., Elmenhorst, D., Pires, G.N., Laird, A.R., Fox, P.T., et al. (2025). Distinct Convergent Brain Alterations in Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.0488.
Kohn, S., Diament, A., Godneva, A., Dhir, R., Weinberger, A., Reisner, Y., Rossman, H., and Segal, E. (2025). Phenome-wide associations of sleep characteristics in the Human Phenotype Project. Nat. Med. 31, 1026-1037. 10.1038/s41591-024-03481-x.
Windred, D.P., Burns, A.C., Lane, J.M., Saxena, R., Rutter, M.K., Cain, S.W., and Phillips, A.J.K. (2024). Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: A prospective cohort study. Sleep 47. zsad253, 10.1093/sleep/zsad253.
Feeney, S.P., McCarthy, J.M., Petruconis, C.R., and Tudor, J.C. (2025). Sleep loss is a metabolic disorder. Sci. Signal. 18, eadp9358. 10.1126/scisignal.adp9358.
Hertenstein, E., Feige, B., Gmeiner, T., Kienzler, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Johann, A., Jansson-Frojmark, M., Palagini, L., Rucker, G., Riemann, D., and Baglioni, C. (2019). Insomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 43, 96-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.10.006.
Samea, F., Mortazavi, N., Reimann, G.M., Ebneabbasi, A., Zarei, M., Khazaie, H., Goldstein-Piekarski, A.N., Spiegelhalder, K., Baglioni, C., Sepehry, A.A., and Tahmasian, M. (2025). 82, Insomnia and emotion dysregulation: a meta-analytical perspective integrating regulatory strategies and dispositional difficulties. Sleep Med. Rev., 102111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102111.
Kuppers, V., Bi, H., Nicolaisen-Sobesky, E., Hoffstaedter, F., Yeo, B.T.T., Drzezga, A., Eickhoff, S.B., and Tahmasian, M. (2026). Multivariate associations of motor performance, sleep quality, depressive symptoms, and grey matter volume in younger and mid-to-older adults. Sci. Rep. 16, 1318. 10.1038/s41598-025-34951-y.
Hill, E.D., Kashyap, P., Raffanello, E., Wang, Y., Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, A., Engelhard, M., and Posner, J. (2025). 31, 1840, 1846, Prediction of mental health risk in adolescents. Nat. Med. 10.1038/s41591-025-03560-7.
Olfati, M., Samea, F., Faghihroohi, S., Balajoo, S.M., Kuppers, V., Genon, S., Patil, K., Eickhoff, S.B., and Tahmasian, M. (2024). Prediction of depressive symptoms severity based on sleep quality, anxiety, and gray matter volume: a generalizable machine learning approach across three datasets. EBioMedicine 108, 105313. 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105313.
Zhao, Y., Yang, L., Sahakian, B.J., Langley, C., Zhang, W., Kuo, K., Li, Z., Gan, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, Y., et al. (2023). The brain structure, immunometabolic and genetic mechanisms underlying the association between lifestyle and depression. Nat. Ment. Health 1, 736-750. 10.1038/s44220-023-00120-1.
Scott, A.J., Webb, T.L., Martyn-St James, M., Rowse, G., and Weich, S. (2021). Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Sleep Med. Rev. 60, 101556. 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556.
Haritos, R., Kuppers, V., Samea, F., Riemann, D., Jessen, F., Eickhoff, S.B., Dafsari, F.S., and Tahmasian, M. (2025). The effect of psychotherapy on the multivariate association between insomnia and depressive symptoms in late-life depression. Eur. Psychiatry. 68, e120. 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10088.
Liang, Y.Y., Ai, S., Xue, H., Chen, Y., Zhou, J., Shu, X., Weng, F., Zhou, M., Ma, H., Zhang, J., et al. (2023). Joint Associations of Device-Measured Sleep Duration and Efficiency With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study of 90 398 UK Biobank Participants. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 78, 1717-1724. 10.1093/gerona/glad108.
Yang, C., Yan, P., Wu, X., Zhang, W., Cui, H., Zhang, L., Xu, Z., Peng, S., Tang, M., Wang, Y., et al. (2024). Associations of sleep with cardiometabolic risk factors and cardiovascular diseases: An umbrella review of observational and mendelian randomization studies. Sleep Med. Rev. 77, 101965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101965.
Huynh, P., Hoffmann, J.D., Gerhardt, T., Kiss, M.G., Zuraikat, F.M., Cohen, O., Wolfram, C., Yates, A.G., Leunig, A., Heiser, M., et al. (2024). Myocardial infarction augments sleep to limit cardiac inflammation and damage. Nature 635, 168-177. 10.1038/s41586-024-08100-w.
Garbarino, S., Lanteri, P., Bragazzi, N.L., Magnavita, N., and Scoditti, E. (2021). Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes. Commun. Biol. 4, 1304. 10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4.
Sato, T., and Sato, S. (2023). Circadian Regulation of Metabolism: Commitment to Health and Diseases. Endocrinology 164. bqad086, 10.1210/endocr/bqad086.
Golombek, D.A., Casiraghi, L.P., Agostino, P.V., Paladino, N., Duhart, J.M., Plano, S.A., and Chiesa, J.J. (2013). The times they’re a-changing: Effects of circadian desynchronization on physiology and disease. J. Physiol. Paris 107, 310-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.03.007.
Nagendran, L., Li, M.F., Samson, D.R., and Schroeder, L. (2025). The impact of Daylight Saving Time on dog activity. PLoS One 20, e0317028. 10.1371/journal.pone.0317028.
Hoffman, C.L., Browne, M., and Smith, B.P. (2020). Human-Animal Co-Sleeping: An Actigraphy-Based Assessment of Dogs’ Impacts on Women’s Nighttime Movements. Animals. 10, 278.
Kronfeld-Schor, N., Bloch, G., and Schwartz, W.J. (2013). Animal clocks: when science meets nature. Proc. Biol. Sci. 280, 20131354. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1354.
Aragona, F., Fazio, F., Piccione G., and and Giannetto, C. (2024). Chronophysiology of domestic animals. Chronobiol. Int. 41, 888-903. 10.1080/07420528.2024.2360723.
Li, H., Li, K., Zhang, K., Li, Y., Gu, H., Liu, H., Yang, Z., and Cai, D. (2021). The Circadian Physiology: Implications in Livestock Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 2111.
Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Lu, T., Chen, W., Yan, W., Yuan, K., Shi, L., Liu, X., Zhou, X., Shi, J., et al. (2022). The microbiota-gut-brain axis in sleep disorders. Sleep Med. Rev. 65, 101691. 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101691.
Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Barber, A.F., Noya, S.B., Williams, J.A., Li, F., Daniel, S.G., Bittinger, K., Fang, J., and Sehgal, A. (2023). The microbiome stabilizes circadian rhythms in the gut. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 120, e2217532120. 10.1073/pnas.2217532120.
Bautista, J., Ojeda-Mosquera, S., Altamirano-Colina, A., Hidalgo-Tinoco, C., Di Capua Delgado, M., and Lopez-Cortes, A. (2025). Bidirectional interactions between circadian rhythms and the gut microbiome. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 109, 218. 10.1007/s00253-025-13570-7.
Thaiss, Christoph A., Zeevi, D., Levy, M., Zilberman-Schapira, G., Suez, J., Tengeler, Anouk C., Abramson, L., Katz, Meirav N., Korem, T., Zmora, N., et al. (2014). Transkingdom Control of Microbiota Diurnal Oscillations Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis. Cell 159, 514-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.048.
Chin, B.N., Singh, T., and Carothers, A.S. (2024). Co-sleeping with pets, stress, and sleep in a nationally-representative sample of United States adults. Sci. Rep. 14, 5577. 10.1038/s41598-024-56055-9.
de la Iglesia, H.O., Fernandez-Duque, E., Golombek, D.A., Lanza, N., Duffy, J.F., Czeisler, C.A., and Valeggia, C.R. (2015). Access to Electric Light Is Associated with Shorter Sleep Duration in a Traditionally Hunter-Gatherer Community. J. Biol. Rhythms 30, 342-350. 10.1177/0748730415590702.
Lechat, B., Manners, J., Pinilla, L., Reynolds, A.C., Scott, H., Vena, D., Bailly, S., Fitton, J., Toson, B., Kaambwa, B., et al. (2025). Global warming may increase the burden of obstructive sleep apnea. Nat. Commun. 16, 5100. 10.1038/s41467-025-60218-1.
Strain, T., Flaxman, S., Guthold, R., Semenova, E., Cowan, M., Riley, L.M., Bull, F.C., Stevens, G.A., Abdul Raheem, R., Agoudavi, K., et al. (2024). National, regional, and global trends in insufficient physical activity among adults from 2000 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 507 population-based surveys with 5·7 million participants. The Lancet Global Health 12, e1232-e1243. 10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00150-5.
Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Duriscoe, D., Kyba, C.C.M., Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K., Portnov, B.A., Rybnikova, N.A., and Furgoni, R. (2016). The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness. Sci. Adv. 2, e1600377. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600377.
Munoz Sabater, J., Comyn-Platt, E., Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horanyi, A., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., et al. (2024). ERA5-Land Post-processed Daily Statistics from 1950 to Present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). Sci. Adv. 2, e1600377. 10.24381/cds.e9c9c792.
Dominoni, D.M., Borniger, J.C., and Nelson, R.J. (2016). Light at night, clocks and health: from humans to wild organisms. Biol. Lett. 12, 20160015. 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0015.
Bozejko, M., Tarski, I., and Malodobra-Mazur, M. (2023). Outdoor artificial light at night and human health: A review of epidemiological studies. Environ. Res. 218, 115049. 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115049.
Obayashi, K., Tai, Y., Yamagami, Y., and Saeki, K. (2022). Associations between indoor light pollution and unhealthy outcomes in 2,947 adults: Cross-sectional analysis in the HEIJO-KYO cohort. Environ. Res. 215, 114350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114350.
Anisimov, V.N., Vinogradova, I.A., Panchenko, A.V., Popovich, I.G., and Zabezhinski, M.A. (2012). Light-at-night-induced circadian disruption, cancer and aging. Curr. Aging Sci. 5, 170-177. 10.2174/1874609811205030002.
Touitou, Y., Reinberg, A., and Touitou, D. (2017). Association between light at night, melatonin secretion, sleep deprivation, and the internal clock: Health impacts and mechanisms of circadian disruption. Life Sci. 173, 94-106. 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.02.008.
Reinhardt, K.D., Vyazovskiy, V.V., Hernandez-Aguilar, R.A., Imron, M.A., and Nekaris, K.A.-I. (2019). Environment shapes sleep patterns in a wild nocturnal primate. Sci. Rep. 9, 9939. 10.1038/s41598-019-45852-2.
Janson, E., Johannessen, A., Holm, M., Franklin, K., Holst, G.J., Gislason, T., Jogi, R., Lindberg, E., Svartengren, M., and Janson, C. (2020). Insomnia associated with traffic noise and proximity to traffic-a cross-sectional study of the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe III population. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 16, 545-552. 10.5664/jcsm.8274.
Basner, M., Clark, C., Hansell, A., Hileman, J.I., Janssen, S., Shepherd, K., and Sparrow, V. (2017). Aviation Noise Impacts: State of the Science. Noise Health 19, 41-50. 10.4103/nah.NAH_104_16.
Rifkin, D.I., Long, M.W., and Perry, M.J. (2018). Climate change and sleep: A systematic review of the literature and conceptual framework. Sleep Med. Rev. 42, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.07.007.
Minor, K., Bjerre-Nielsen, A., Jonasdottir, S.S., Lehmann, S., and Obradovich, N. (2022). Rising temperatures erode human sleep globally. One Earth 5, 534-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.04.008.
Li, A., Luo, H., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Z., Liu, B., Kan, H., Jia, H., Wu, Z., Guo, Y., and Chen, R. (2025). Climate warming may undermine sleep duration and quality in repeated-measure study of 23 million records. Nat. Commun. 16, 2609. 10.1038/s41467-025-57781-y.
Archer, S.N., and Oster, H. (2015). How sleep and wakefulness influence circadian rhythmicity: effects of insufficient and mistimed sleep on the animal and human transcriptome. J. Sleep Res. 24, 476-493. 10.1111/jsr.12307.
Wallace, D.A., Gallagher, J.P., Peterson, S.R., Ndiaye-Gueye, S., Fox, K., Redline, S., and Johnson, D.A. (2023). Is exposure to chemical pollutants associated with sleep outcomes? A systematic review. Sleep Med. Rev. 70, 101805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101805.
Hussain, R., Graham, U., Elder, A., and Nedergaard, M. (2023). 46, 901, 911, Air pollution, glymphatic impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci. 10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.010.
Silva, I., and Costa, D. (2023). Consequences of Shift Work and Night Work: A Literature Review. Healthcare (Basel) 11. 1410, 10.3390/healthcare11101410.
Park, S., Zhunis, A., Constantinides, M., Aiello, L.M., Quercia, D., and Cha, M. (2023). Social dimensions impact individual sleep quantity and quality. Sci. Rep. 13, 9681. 10.1038/s41598-023-36762-5.
Liu, X., Liu, C., Tian, X., Zou, G., Li, G., Kong, L., and Li, P. (2016). Associations of Perceived Stress, Resilience and Social Support with Sleep Disturbance Among Community-dwelling Adults. Stress Health. 32, 578-586. 10.1002/smi.2664.
Morin, C.M., Bjorvatn, B., Chung, F., Holzinger, B., Partinen, M., Penzel, T., Ivers, H., Wing, Y.K., Chan, N.Y., Merikanto, I., et al. (2021). Insomnia, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international collaborative study. Sleep Med. 87, 38-45. 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.035.
Han, X., Zhou, E., and Liu, D. (2024). Electronic Media Use and Sleep Quality: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Med. Internet Res. 26, e48356. 10.2196/48356.
Pagano, M., Bacaro, V., and Crocetti, E. (2023). “Using digital media or sleeping, that is the question”. A meta-analysis on digital media use and unhealthy sleep in adolescence. Computers in Human Behavior 146, 107813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107813.
Matricciani, L., Paquet, C., Galland, B., Short, M., and Olds, T. (2019). Children's sleep and health: A meta-review. Sleep Med. Rev. 46, 136-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.04.011.
Hartstein, L.E., Mathew, G.M., Reichenberger, D.A., Rodriguez, I., Allen, N., Chang, A.M., Chaput, J.P., Christakis, D.A., Garrison, M., Gooley, J.J., et al. (2024). The impact of screen use on sleep health across the lifespan: A National Sleep Foundation consensus statement. Sleep Health 10, 373-384. 10.1016/j.sleh.2024.05.001.
Drake, C., Roehrs, T., Shambroom, J., and Roth, T. (2013). Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 9, 1195-1200. 10.5664/jcsm.3170.
Gardiner, C., Weakley, J., Burke, L.M., Roach, G.D., Sargent, C., Maniar, N., Huynh, M., Miller, D.J., Townshend, A., and Halson, S.L. (2025). The effect of alcohol on subsequent sleep in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 80, 102030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2024.102030.
Nunez, A., Rhee, J.U., Haynes, P., Chakravorty, S., Patterson, F., Killgore, W.D.S., Gallagher, R.A., Hale, L., Branas, C., Carrazco, N., et al. (2021). Smoke at night and sleep worse? The associations between cigarette smoking with insomnia severity and sleep duration. Sleep Health 7, 177-182. 10.1016/j.sleh.2020.10.006.
Kline, C.E., Hillman, C.H., Bloodgood Sheppard, B., Tennant, B., Conroy, D.E., Macko, R.F., Marquez, D.X., Petruzzello, S.J., Powell, K.E., and Erickson, K.I. (2021). Physical activity and sleep: An updated umbrella review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee report. Sleep Med. Rev. 58, 101489. 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101489.
St-Onge, M.P., Cherta-Murillo, A., Darimont, C., Mantantzis, K., Martin, F.P., and Owen, L. (2023). The interrelationship between sleep, diet, and glucose metabolism. Sleep Med. Rev. 69, 101788. 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101788.
Miranda, J.J., Beran, D., Nugent, R., Diez-Canseco, F., Sargent, J.L., Madise, N., Hennig, B.J., Jimenez, M.M., Legido-Quigley, H., Mendoza, W., et al. (2025). Maximizing researcher-policymaker engagement in global public health. Nat. Med. 31, 3624-3633. 10.1038/s41591-025-04015-9.
